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Introduction
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WiFi and MQTT by Firmware Type
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CLI Availability by Firmware Build
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CLI Command Availability Matrix
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Full Companion
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Classic ESP32 image memory budget
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Frequently Asked Questions
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Firmware picker
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Firmware picker
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What the choices mean
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Installation methods
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LoRa OTA and OTAFIX
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Full Companion: turn features on and off
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Full Companion USB CLI and binary switcher
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GPS Tracking
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Halo and Keymind Branch Settings
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Hardware validation checklist
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LoRa CLI Host Service
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MeshCore KISS Modem Protocol
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Scripted LoRa OTA from start to finish
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Shrinking the per-connection TLS footprint on non-PSRAM observers
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nRF52 Companion automatic ExtraFS recovery
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nRF52 Power Management
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Number Allocations
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Easy firmware updates over LoRa
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MeshTower V2 microSD LoRa OTA
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nRF52 bootloader updates over LoRa
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</li>
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<a href="../ota_nrf52_qspi/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
nRF52 repeater LoRa OTA with external QSPI
</span>
</a>
</li>
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<a href="../ota_protocol/" class="md-nav__link">
<span class="md-ellipsis">
MeshCore OTA - .mota container &amp; LoRa protocol
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Updating your node over the air (OTA) - user guide
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Packet Format
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Payload Format
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QR Codes
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RAK3401 1W repeater compact LoRa update chain
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SPIFFS regular-file reads and login replay state
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Stats Binary Frame Structures
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Telemetry decoder
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Terminal Chat CLI
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Native USB backpressure and radio liveness
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MeshCore 1.17.1.5 Dev — USA Cascade
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What the choices mean
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FULL versus standard
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Installation methods
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LoRa OTA and OTAFIX
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Hardware and variant names
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<h1 id="firmware-picker">Firmware picker</h1>
<p>Pick the choices in any order. Every selection narrows all the other controls
to firmware combinations that were actually built in the current release set.</p>
<p>The picker reads public release metadata from GitHub. It does not upload device
information. Hardware names, target names, and download links come directly
from the published firmware assets.</p>
<div class="firmware-picker" data-firmware-picker data-release-repo="mikecarper/MeshCore">
<div class="firmware-picker-intro" role="note">
<strong>Current release set</strong>
<p data-role="release-set">Loading release information...</p>
<p>
For a new installation, choose the exact board and role, prefer a
<strong>FULL / complete profile</strong> when it is available, and select
<strong>Erase &amp; fresh install (merged .bin)</strong>. Narrower profiles
remain available when their reduced transport or feature set is intentional.
</p>
</div>
<p class="firmware-picker-order-note">
Pick in any order. Use <strong>Any</strong> to clear one choice, or clear
everything with the button below.
</p>
<form class="firmware-picker-form" data-role="form">
<div class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-select-control">
<label for="firmware-picker-hardware-family">Hardware</label>
<select id="firmware-picker-hardware-family" data-field="hardwareFamily" disabled>
<option value="">Loading hardware...</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-select-control" data-role="hardware-variant-control" hidden>
<label for="firmware-picker-hardware">Hardware variant</label>
<select id="firmware-picker-hardware" data-field="hardware" disabled>
<option value="">Choose hardware first</option>
</select>
</div>
<fieldset class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-radio-control firmware-picker-wide" data-radio-field="install" disabled>
<legend>Install operation</legend>
<div class="firmware-picker-radio-options" data-field="install">
Loading install choices...
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-radio-control" data-radio-field="role" disabled>
<legend>Firmware role</legend>
<div class="firmware-picker-radio-options" data-field="role">
Loading roles...
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-radio-control" data-radio-field="logging" disabled>
<legend>Logging / MQTT</legend>
<div class="firmware-picker-radio-options" data-field="logging">
Loading logging choices...
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-radio-control" data-radio-field="ota" disabled>
<legend>OTA capability</legend>
<div class="firmware-picker-radio-options" data-field="ota">
Loading OTA choices...
</div>
</fieldset>
<div class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-select-control">
<label for="firmware-picker-mode">Connection / bridge mode</label>
<select id="firmware-picker-mode" data-field="mode" disabled>
<option value="">Loading modes...</option>
</select>
</div>
<fieldset class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-radio-control" data-radio-field="feature" disabled>
<legend>Feature profile</legend>
<div class="firmware-picker-radio-options" data-field="feature">
Loading profiles...
</div>
</fieldset>
<div class="firmware-picker-control firmware-picker-select-control">
<label for="firmware-picker-variant">Firmware variant</label>
<select id="firmware-picker-variant" data-field="variant" disabled>
<option value="">Loading variants...</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="firmware-picker-form-actions firmware-picker-wide">
<button type="reset" data-action="clear" disabled>Clear all choices</button>
</div>
</form>
<div class="firmware-picker-status" data-role="status" aria-live="polite">
Loading the current firmware catalog...
</div>
<section class="firmware-picker-result" data-role="result" aria-live="polite" hidden>
<p class="firmware-picker-eyebrow" data-role="result-eyebrow">Exact firmware match</p>
<h2 data-role="result-title">Recommended download</h2>
<p data-role="result-note" hidden></p>
<div data-role="result-list"></div>
</section>
<section class="firmware-picker-missing" data-role="missing" aria-live="polite" hidden>
<h2>No exact firmware matched</h2>
<p data-role="missing-text"></p>
<a href="https://github.com/mikecarper/MeshCore/releases">Browse all firmware releases</a>
</section>
<details class="firmware-asset-browser">
<summary>Advanced: search current release filenames</summary>
<p>
Use this for uncommon board suffixes or expert recovery. A filename match
is not a board-identity check.
</p>
<label>
Filename contains
<input data-field="asset-search" placeholder="Station_G2, heltec_v4, RAK_4631, ...">
</label>
<div data-role="asset-results"></div>
</details>
</div>
<h2 id="what-the-choices-mean">What the choices mean</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Choice</th>
<th>Use</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Companion</td>
<td>A phone, computer, or host application controls the radio</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Repeater</td>
<td>Standalone mesh relay</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Room Server</td>
<td>Hosts room conversations and history</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sensor / telemetry</td>
<td>Publishes supported sensor data</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Terminal Chat</td>
<td>Standalone serial-terminal interface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USB logging / USB-connected MQTT</td>
<td>Node remains attached to a computer over a data-capable USB cable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Wi-Fi MQTT observer</td>
<td>Firmware connects directly to MQTT over Wi-Fi; this is not USB logging</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USB logging + Wi-Fi MQTT</td>
<td>Unified FULL image sends to both paths; avoid two publishers aimed at the same broker unless messages are deduplicated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>No logging</td>
<td>Normal standalone operation without the dedicated logging/MQTT profile</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LoRa OTA repeater</td>
<td>Repeater profile that can stage an exact matching update received over LoRa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LoRa OTA source only</td>
<td>Full Companion serving a host-supplied update to another node without self-installing it</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Connection and bridge choices depend on the selected role. Companion firmware
may offer Full, combined USB + Bluetooth, Bluetooth, USB, Wi-Fi, serial, or
Ethernet transports.
Normal repeater firmware includes runtime-controlled RS-232 support where the
board has room; use <code>set bridge.enabled on</code> after configuring <code>bridge.uart</code> and
<code>bridge.baud</code>. The Wio-E5 remains the capacity exception and offers a separate
RS-232 image. Choose Wi-Fi MQTT under <strong>Logging / MQTT</strong>; it is an output mode,
not a second connection choice. Repeaters may still offer separate ESP-NOW or
Ethernet bridge firmware because those paths use different compiled drivers.</p>
<p>An ESP-NOW bridge target keeps LoRa as its primary mesh radio. Its runtime
<code>bridge.format</code> setting chooses the peer protocol: <code>wrapped</code> (the
backward-compatible bridge-to-bridge default using <code>bridge.secret</code>) or <code>raw</code>
(direct MeshCore ESP-NOW LR frames for <code>Generic_ESPNOW</code>,
<code>SenseCapIndicator-ESPNow</code>, and other primary-ESP-NOW nodes). This is one
firmware choice, not two board images. Match <code>bridge.channel</code> to the primary
nodes' <code>espnow.channel</code> before selecting <code>set bridge.format raw</code>.
For Heltec V4 specifically, <code>companion_radio_full</code> is still a LoRa-primary
Companion; choose the existing <code>heltec_v4_repeater_bridge_espnow</code> firmware to
make that board the LoRa/ESP-NOW gateway. Use its exact merged artifact when
changing roles or partition layouts.</p>
<h2 id="full-versus-standard">FULL versus standard</h2>
<p>For a new installation, use the FULL / complete profile when it exists and the
board has enough flash. FULL profiles keep the complete supported feature set
and CLI. Standard profiles remain useful for boards without a FULL build, for
an intentionally narrower transport, or when retaining an existing compatible
partition layout.</p>
<p>Changing between standard and FULL ESP32 layouts requires the exact-board
merged image over USB. A running application cannot safely move its own active
and inactive partitions.</p>
<p>Current <code>full-usb-wifi</code> profiles use one binary for no external output, USB
packet logging/USB-connected MQTT, direct WiFi MQTT, or both. The picker shows
that same exact binary for each compatible logging choice; select the saved
runtime mode with <code>set logging.output off|usb|wifi|both</code>. A FULL logging-fallback
profile is listed only when no WiFi MQTT sibling exists; it appears for both
the no-output and USB choices because <code>set usb.logging off|on</code> is persistent.
On a fresh unified FULL install with no saved SSID, the setup AP and WiFi radio
remain available for 30 minutes per boot, then turn off automatically until the
next reboot or power cycle. An explicit administrator <code>start webconfig</code> remains
available as an override. A saved SSID switches to the normal indefinite
reconnect behavior instead.</p>
<p>Full Companion profiles use one binary for USB, BLE, ordinary Wi-Fi on ESP32,
source-only LoRa OTA, Terminal Chat, optional USB packet logging, and any
board-qualified serial or Ethernet Companion transport. Bulk builds therefore
omit separate attached-transport, Terminal Chat, and USB-logging artifacts
whenever the exact Full recipe exists. RAK4631 repeater and room-server
Ethernet images remain separate roles. Fresh installs default to logging off.
Heltec V3 and base OLED V4 Full images also contain the former direct Wi-Fi
MQTT Companion capability, configured at runtime through WebConfig, so their
separate <code>companion_radio_wifi_mqtt</code> artifacts are omitted from canonical
builds as well.</p>
<p>When Full Companion does not fit but a matching USB Companion does, that USB
artifact also supplies Terminal Chat and replaces its standalone release image.
Heltec E290 and T190 now publish one Full USB + BLE + WiFi Companion; their old
combined and single-transport names are explicit-build compatibility aliases.
SSD1306 Full Companion builds use <code>set display.rotation 90|180|270</code>; <code>0</code>
restores the board default, so a separate rotated release image is not
recommended.</p>
<p>Ordinary non-OTA roles also use one artifact for normal operation and USB
logging. Select the saved mode with <code>set usb.logging off|on</code>; no <code>-logging-</code>
artifact is emitted. KISS, BLE-only Companion, and constrained LoRa OTA
repeater images retain their protocol/partition contracts and do not inherit
plaintext USB logging.</p>
<p>nRF52 Full Companion keeps the multi-role primary interface on <code>00</code>; it starts
as an ASCII terminal and automatically hands a complete <code>&lt;</code> frame to Binary
Companion. <code>set usb.logging on reboot</code> adds its plaintext interface <code>02</code>.</p>
<p>Every ESP32 Full Companion instead exposes one USB TTY. Logging is off by
default, so the TTY serves the ASCII/Binary Companion switcher. Use
<code>set usb.logging on</code> to turn that same TTY into an input-capable plaintext
CLI/logging stream; framed Binary Companion is unavailable on USB while
logging owns it. <code>set usb.logging off</code> stops the logs and leaves the TTY in
the normal ASCII terminal, matching a fresh Full installation. Send
<code>+++MESHCORE-TERM-STOP</code>, or let a Companion app send a valid framed probe, to
switch from there to Binary Companion. BLE and Wi-Fi Companion remain usable
while the USB TTY is logging. ESP32 Full builds use the repository's
Arduino-ESP32 2.x base where the board supports it; RC32 and ESP32-C6 retain
their board-required Arduino 3.x platform but still expose only one USB TTY.
A second ESP32 CDC interface is not part of the release profile.</p>
<h2 id="installation-methods">Installation methods</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>File</th>
<th>Use</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>-merged.bin</code></td>
<td>Erase/fresh install, recovery, role migration, or partition-profile change on ESP32 over USB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Non-merged <code>.bin</code></td>
<td>Update an existing same-board, same-role, same-partition installation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.zip</code></td>
<td>Native nRF52 Serial DFU update package; it is not an extra archive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.uf2</code></td>
<td>UF2 bootloader drag-and-drop install or update</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.hex</code></td>
<td>Erase/recovery flash with a supported wired programmer</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Never send a merged ESP32 image through browser OTA or LoRa OTA. Back up the
node configuration and verify every filename suffix before flashing.</p>
<h2 id="lora-ota-and-otafix">LoRa OTA and OTAFIX</h2>
<p>A LoRa OTA repeater build installs repeater firmware that can receive and
stage updates. A later LoRa update still needs an exact target identity,
compatible partition signature, matching radio settings, and the correct
update package.</p>
<p>nRF52 LoRa OTA requires an OTAFIX bootloader built for the exact board. There
is no universal bootloader file. Use the
<a href="https://github.com/mikecarper/Adafruit_nRF52_Bootloader_OTAFIX/releases/latest">latest stable OTAFIX release</a>
and select the hardware-matched HEX, Serial DFU ZIP, or bootloader-update UF2.</p>
<h2 id="hardware-and-variant-names">Hardware and variant names</h2>
<p>Hardware families with multiple released targets get a second hardware-variant
menu. It separates revisions, display type, expansion kit, radio/PA layout,
pin map, and other physical differences without crowding the first menu. The
firmware-variant menu separately exposes choices that still require different
code or wiring, such as serial port or the legacy <code>no_external_sensors</code> target
suffix. The picker labels that suffix <strong>Reduced optional environmental/ranging drivers</strong>:
it does not disable generic I2C or unrelated board-integrated peripherals.
Reduced RAK3401 and RAK4631 targets retain INA219/INA226/INA260/INA3221 as
voltage/current entries in the optional sensor table. They are not the only I2C
users: the SSD1306 OLED, supported autodiscovered RTCs, and RAK12500 GPS remain
separate I2C peripherals in compatible recipes. RAK12501/L76K GPS uses Serial1
instead. The explicit RAK4631 Serial1 bridge omits the combined GPS provider
because its bridge owns the RAK12501 UART, so that legacy image does not expose
RAK12500 either. The firmware-configured INA3221 and RAK12500 addresses are both
<code>0x42</code>; to install both, keep RAK12500 at <code>0x42</code>, strap INA3221 A0 to SCL for
<code>0x43</code>, and use a build with <code>-DTELEM_INA3221_ADDRESS=0x43</code>. Companion power saving,
controllable FEM receive gain, and radio-chip receive gain are saved settings
rather than separate recommended firmware files. Do not substitute a similarly
named physical target.</p>
<p>The header-wired RAK19007 W25Q16 LoRa-OTA recipes are also exact hardware
variants. Choose the W25Q16 variant for RAK4631 or for RAK3401 + RAK13302 only
when that core/radio combination, the <code>EF4015</code> flash wiring, and its matching
OTAFIX bootloader are all present. The common base-board wiring does not make
the two firmware or bootloader identities interchangeable.</p>
<p>The picker recommends one Full Companion image instead of separate USB, BLE,
ordinary WiFi, and USB-logging images. On ESP32, logging is off by default so
the one USB TTY starts in ASCII and automatically changes to framed Companion
when a complete <code>&lt;</code> frame arrives. Enabling logging gives that TTY to the
plaintext CLI/logger and disables framed USB Companion until logging is turned
off and the normal ASCII-to-binary mode switch occurs. nRF52 Full Companion
retains its optional dedicated interface <code>02</code>.
Exact filename search still finds old aliases from earlier releases.</p>
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