diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.cpp b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.cpp
index d372b6a..c801c32 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.cpp
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.cpp
@@ -41,23 +41,6 @@ void LR1110Radio::hwConfigure(const struct lora_modem_config &cfg)
 	}
 }
 
-void LR1110Radio::hwStartReceive()
-{
-	int ret = lora_recv_async(_dev, rxCallbackStatic, this);
-	if (ret < 0) {
-		LOG_ERR("lora_recv_async failed: %d", ret);
-		atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 0);
-		return;
-	}
-	atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 1);
-
-	/* RX boost: set once via setRxBoost(), LR1110 SetRxBoosted
-	 * command persists through SetRx calls. */
-	if (_rx_duty_cycle_enabled) {
-		lr11xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(_dev, true);
-	}
-}
-
 void LR1110Radio::hwCancelReceive()
 {
 	lora_recv_async(_dev, NULL, NULL);
@@ -84,11 +67,6 @@ void LR1110Radio::hwSetRxBoost(bool enable)
 	lr11xx_set_rx_boost(_dev, enable);
 }
 
-void LR1110Radio::hwSetRxDutyCycle(bool enable)
-{
-	lr11xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(_dev, enable);
-}
-
 void LR1110Radio::hwResetAGC()
 {
 	/* Warm sleep → Calibrate(ALL) → re-calibrate image → re-apply RX boost */
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.h b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.h
index 35df561..3da2d50 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.h
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR1110Radio.h
@@ -21,14 +21,12 @@ public:
 protected:
 	/* Hardware primitives */
 	void hwConfigure(const struct lora_modem_config &cfg) override;
-	void hwStartReceive() override;
 	void hwCancelReceive() override;
 	int hwSendAsync(uint8_t *buf, uint32_t len,
 			struct k_poll_signal *sig) override;
 	int16_t hwGetCurrentRSSI() override;
 	bool hwIsPreambleDetected() override;
 	void hwSetRxBoost(bool enable) override;
-	void hwSetRxDutyCycle(bool enable) override;
 	void hwResetAGC() override;
 };
 
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.cpp b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.cpp
index 41cb0de..84f689a 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.cpp
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.cpp
@@ -41,21 +41,6 @@ void LR2021Radio::hwConfigure(const struct lora_modem_config &cfg)
 	}
 }
 
-void LR2021Radio::hwStartReceive()
-{
-	int ret = lora_recv_async(_dev, rxCallbackStatic, this);
-	if (ret < 0) {
-		LOG_ERR("lora_recv_async failed: %d", ret);
-		atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 0);
-		return;
-	}
-	atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 1);
-
-	if (_rx_duty_cycle_enabled) {
-		lr20xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(_dev, true);
-	}
-}
-
 void LR2021Radio::hwCancelReceive()
 {
 	lora_recv_async(_dev, NULL, NULL);
@@ -82,11 +67,6 @@ void LR2021Radio::hwSetRxBoost(bool enable)
 	lr20xx_set_rx_boost(_dev, enable);
 }
 
-void LR2021Radio::hwSetRxDutyCycle(bool enable)
-{
-	lr20xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(_dev, enable);
-}
-
 void LR2021Radio::hwResetAGC()
 {
 	lr20xx_reset_agc(_dev);
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.h b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.h
index 06aa6b4..16b1384 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.h
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LR2021Radio.h
@@ -21,14 +21,12 @@ public:
 protected:
 	/* Hardware primitives */
 	void hwConfigure(const struct lora_modem_config &cfg) override;
-	void hwStartReceive() override;
 	void hwCancelReceive() override;
 	int hwSendAsync(uint8_t *buf, uint32_t len,
 			struct k_poll_signal *sig) override;
 	int16_t hwGetCurrentRSSI() override;
 	bool hwIsPreambleDetected() override;
 	void hwSetRxBoost(bool enable) override;
-	void hwSetRxDutyCycle(bool enable) override;
 	void hwResetAGC() override;
 };
 
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.cpp b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.cpp
index 99cb57c..bd4f3c8 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.cpp
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.cpp
@@ -210,6 +210,11 @@ void LoRaRadioBase::buildModemConfig(struct lora_modem_config &cfg, bool tx)
 	cfg.iq_inverted = false;
 	cfg.public_network = false;
 	cfg.packet_crc_disable = false;
+
+	/* LBT: driver performs hardware CAD before TX, returns -EBUSY if busy */
+	if (tx) {
+		cfg.cad.mode = LORA_CAD_MODE_LBT;
+	}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -374,7 +379,63 @@ void LoRaRadioBase::reconfigureWithParams(float freq, float bw, uint8_t sf, uint
 void LoRaRadioBase::startReceive()
 {
 	configureRx();
-	hwStartReceive();
+
+	int ret;
+
+	if (_rx_duty_cycle_enabled) {
+		/* Compute duty cycle timing from modem config (RadioLib algorithm).
+		 * The driver converts these to hardware-specific units. */
+		struct lora_modem_config cfg;
+		buildModemConfig(cfg, false);
+
+		uint8_t sf = (uint8_t)cfg.datarate;
+		uint32_t bw_hz = bandwidth_to_hz(cfg.bandwidth);
+		float bw_khz = (float)bw_hz / 1000.0f;
+		uint16_t preamble_len = cfg.preamble_len;
+		uint16_t min_symbols = (sf >= 7) ? 8 : 12;
+		int16_t sleep_symbols = (int16_t)preamble_len -
+					(int16_t)min_symbols;
+
+		if (sleep_symbols > 0) {
+			uint32_t symbol_us = (uint32_t)((float)(1 << sf) *
+							 1000.0f / bw_khz);
+			int16_t safe = sleep_symbols - 2;
+			if (safe < 1) safe = 1;
+			uint32_t sleep_us = (uint16_t)safe * symbol_us;
+
+			uint32_t preamble_us = (preamble_len + 1) * symbol_us;
+			int32_t w1 = ((int32_t)preamble_us -
+				      ((int32_t)sleep_us - 1000)) / 2;
+			uint32_t w2 = (min_symbols + 1) * symbol_us;
+			uint32_t rx_us = (w1 > 0 && (uint32_t)w1 > w2)
+					  ? (uint32_t)w1 : w2;
+
+			ret = lora_recv_duty_cycle(_dev,
+						   K_USEC(rx_us),
+						   K_USEC(sleep_us),
+						   rxCallbackStatic, this);
+			if (ret == 0) {
+				atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 1);
+				return;
+			}
+			if (ret != -ENOSYS) {
+				LOG_ERR("lora_recv_duty_cycle failed: %d", ret);
+			}
+		} else {
+			LOG_WRN("Preamble too short for duty cycle "
+				"(need >%d, have %d)",
+				min_symbols, preamble_len);
+		}
+		/* Fall through to normal recv_async */
+	}
+
+	ret = lora_recv_async(_dev, rxCallbackStatic, this);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		LOG_ERR("lora_recv_async failed: %d", ret);
+		atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 0);
+		return;
+	}
+	atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 1);
 }
 
 /* ── RX/TX ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
@@ -524,18 +585,6 @@ void LoRaRadioBase::triggerNoiseFloorCalibrate(int threshold)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	/* Random delay 0-500 ms before sampling.  Breaks phase-lock with
-	 * periodic interference that might be synchronized with our fixed
-	 * 5-second housekeeping cadence. */
-	uint32_t jitter;
-	sys_rand_get(&jitter, sizeof(jitter));
-	k_sleep(K_MSEC(jitter % 500));
-
-	/* Re-check after the delay — a packet may have arrived. */
-	if (isReceiving()) {
-		return;
-	}
-
 	/* Median of multiple RSSI reads (~200 us).  Rejects up to N/2-1
 	 * outliers in either direction without the downward bias of min
 	 * or the spike sensitivity of average.  Insertion sort is fine
@@ -663,7 +712,10 @@ void LoRaRadioBase::enableRxDutyCycle(bool enable)
 	_rx_duty_cycle_enabled = enable;
 	LOG_INF("RX duty cycle %s", enable ? "enabled" : "disabled");
 	if (atomic_get(&_in_recv_mode)) {
-		hwSetRxDutyCycle(enable);
+		/* Restart receive to apply new duty cycle state */
+		hwCancelReceive();
+		atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 0);
+		startReceive();
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.h b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.h
index 223bcd7..5d77caa 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.h
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/LoRaRadioBase.h
@@ -83,9 +83,6 @@ protected:
 	/** Apply lora_modem_config + any chip-specific extras (image cal, etc.) */
 	virtual void hwConfigure(const struct lora_modem_config &cfg) = 0;
 
-	/** Start async receive (lora_recv_async + boost/duty-cycle setup) */
-	virtual void hwStartReceive() = 0;
-
 	/** Cancel current async receive */
 	virtual void hwCancelReceive() = 0;
 
@@ -102,9 +99,6 @@ protected:
 	/** Set RX LNA boost on/off */
 	virtual void hwSetRxBoost(bool enable) = 0;
 
-	/** Set RX duty cycle on/off (hardware level) */
-	virtual void hwSetRxDutyCycle(bool enable) = 0;
-
 	/** Reset AGC (chip-specific, may be no-op) */
 	virtual void hwResetAGC() = 0;
 
@@ -159,7 +153,7 @@ protected:
 	struct lora_modem_config _last_cfg;
 	bool _config_cached;
 
-	/* Static RX callback — passed to lora_recv_async() by subclass hwStartReceive() */
+	/* Static RX callback — passed to lora_recv_async() / lora_recv_duty_cycle() */
 	static void rxCallbackStatic(const struct device *dev, uint8_t *data,
 				     uint16_t size, int16_t rssi, int8_t snr,
 				     void *user_data);
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.cpp b/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.cpp
index cb2245b..ebbbf43 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.cpp
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.cpp
@@ -41,23 +41,6 @@ void SX126xRadio::hwConfigure(const struct lora_modem_config &cfg)
 	}
 }
 
-void SX126xRadio::hwStartReceive()
-{
-	int ret = lora_recv_async(_dev, rxCallbackStatic, this);
-	if (ret < 0) {
-		LOG_ERR("lora_recv_async failed: %d", ret);
-		atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 0);
-		return;
-	}
-	atomic_set(&_in_recv_mode, 1);
-
-	/* RX boost: set once via setRxBoost(), preserved by SX126x
-	 * hardware retention registers (DS §9.6). */
-	if (_rx_duty_cycle_enabled) {
-		sx126x_set_rx_duty_cycle(_dev, true);
-	}
-}
-
 void SX126xRadio::hwCancelReceive()
 {
 	lora_recv_async(_dev, NULL, NULL);
@@ -84,11 +67,6 @@ void SX126xRadio::hwSetRxBoost(bool enable)
 	sx126x_set_rx_boost(_dev, enable);
 }
 
-void SX126xRadio::hwSetRxDutyCycle(bool enable)
-{
-	sx126x_set_rx_duty_cycle(_dev, enable);
-}
-
 void SX126xRadio::hwResetAGC()
 {
 	/* Warm sleep → Calibrate(ALL) → re-calibrate image → re-apply RX settings */
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.h b/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.h
index 0df2372..081b667 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.h
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/SX126xRadio.h
@@ -19,14 +19,12 @@ public:
 protected:
 	/* Hardware primitives */
 	void hwConfigure(const struct lora_modem_config &cfg) override;
-	void hwStartReceive() override;
 	void hwCancelReceive() override;
 	int hwSendAsync(uint8_t *buf, uint32_t len,
 			struct k_poll_signal *sig) override;
 	int16_t hwGetCurrentRSSI() override;
 	bool hwIsPreambleDetected() override;
 	void hwSetRxBoost(bool enable) override;
-	void hwSetRxDutyCycle(bool enable) override;
 	void hwResetAGC() override;
 	bool hwIsChipBusy() override;
 };
diff --git a/zephcore/adapters/radio/radio_common.h b/zephcore/adapters/radio/radio_common.h
index 2c90a22..c4fd743 100644
--- a/zephcore/adapters/radio/radio_common.h
+++ b/zephcore/adapters/radio/radio_common.h
@@ -45,6 +45,24 @@ typedef void (*RadioTxDoneCallback)(void *user_data);
 
 /* --- Zephyr enum mapping utilities --- */
 
+/* Map Zephyr bandwidth enum to Hz */
+static inline uint32_t bandwidth_to_hz(enum lora_signal_bandwidth bw)
+{
+	switch (bw) {
+	case BW_7_KHZ:   return 7812;
+	case BW_10_KHZ:  return 10417;
+	case BW_15_KHZ:  return 15625;
+	case BW_20_KHZ:  return 20833;
+	case BW_31_KHZ:  return 31250;
+	case BW_41_KHZ:  return 41667;
+	case BW_62_KHZ:  return 62500;
+	case BW_125_KHZ: return 125000;
+	case BW_250_KHZ: return 250000;
+	case BW_500_KHZ: return 500000;
+	default:         return 125000;
+	}
+}
+
 /* Map kHz bandwidth value to Zephyr enum.
  * Input is (uint16_t)(float_bw) — truncated, e.g. 7.8→7, 10.4→10, 62.5→62.
  * Zephyr >=4.4 has narrow BWs (7-62 kHz); <=4.3 only has 125/250/500. */
diff --git a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.c b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.c
index d8196a3..20a0510 100644
--- a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.c
+++ b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.c
@@ -83,6 +83,13 @@ struct lr11xx_data {
 	bool rx_boost_enabled;
 	bool rx_boost_applied;  /* RX boost register written to hardware */
 
+	/* CAD state */
+	lora_cad_cb cad_cb;
+	void *cad_user_data;
+	struct k_sem cad_sem;
+	int cad_result;
+	bool cad_active;
+
 	/* Deferred hardware init — heavy SPI/radio work runs on first config() */
 	bool hw_initialized;
 
@@ -439,6 +446,29 @@ static void lr11xx_dio1_work_handler(struct k_work *work)
 		rx_restarted = true;
 	}
 
+	/* ── CAD done ── */
+	if (irq & LR11XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_CAD_DONE) {
+		bool detected = (irq & LR11XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_CAD_DETECTED) != 0;
+
+		LOG_DBG("CAD done: %s", detected ? "activity" : "free");
+		data->cad_active = false;
+
+		if (data->cad_cb) {
+			lora_cad_cb cb = data->cad_cb;
+			void *ud = data->cad_user_data;
+
+			data->cad_cb = NULL;
+			data->cad_user_data = NULL;
+			k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+			cb(data->dev, detected, ud);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		/* Blocking CAD: signal the semaphore */
+		data->cad_result = detected ? 1 : 0;
+		k_sem_give(&data->cad_sem);
+	}
+
 	/* ── TX done ── */
 	if (irq & LR11XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_TX_DONE) {
 		LOG_DBG("TX done");
@@ -602,6 +632,9 @@ static uint32_t lr11xx_lora_airtime(const struct device *dev,
 	return (uint32_t)((t_preamble + t_payload) * 1000.0f);
 }
 
+/* Forward declaration — needed by LBT in send_async */
+static int lr11xx_lora_cad(const struct device *dev, k_timeout_t timeout);
+
 /* ── Driver API: send_async ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
 static int lr11xx_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
@@ -616,6 +649,19 @@ static int lr11xx_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
 	if (data->tx_active) return -EBUSY;
 	if (data_len > 255 || data_len == 0) return -EINVAL;
 
+	/* LBT: perform blocking CAD before transmitting */
+	if (data->modem_cfg.cad.mode == LORA_CAD_MODE_LBT) {
+		int cad_ret = lr11xx_lora_cad(dev, K_MSEC(200));
+		if (cad_ret > 0) {
+			LOG_DBG("LBT: channel busy");
+			return -EBUSY;
+		}
+		if (cad_ret < 0 && cad_ret != -ENOSYS) {
+			LOG_WRN("LBT: CAD failed (%d), proceeding with TX",
+				cad_ret);
+		}
+	}
+
 	k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
 
 	/* Cancel RX */
@@ -771,13 +817,6 @@ bool lr11xx_is_receiving(const struct device *dev)
 		       LR11XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_SYNC_WORD_HEADER_VALID)) != 0;
 }
 
-void lr11xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev, bool enable)
-{
-	/* LR1110 duty cycle is broken — always continuous RX. Ignore. */
-	(void)dev;
-	(void)enable;
-}
-
 void lr11xx_set_rx_boost(const struct device *dev, bool enable)
 {
 	struct lr11xx_data *data = dev->data;
@@ -858,6 +897,131 @@ void lr11xx_reset_agc(const struct device *dev)
 
 /* ── Deferred hardware init (runs on first lora_config call) ────────── */
 
+/* ── Driver API: CAD ────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+/* Recommended cad_detect_peak values per SF for 2-symbol CAD.
+ * From Semtech SX1261/62/68 / LR1110 reference (same silicon IP). */
+static uint8_t lr11xx_cad_detect_peak(uint8_t sf)
+{
+	switch (sf) {
+	case 5:  case 6:  return 56;
+	case 7:           return 56;
+	case 8:           return 58;
+	case 9:           return 58;
+	case 10:          return 60;
+	case 11:          return 64;
+	case 12:          return 68;
+	default:          return 60;
+	}
+}
+
+static int lr11xx_do_cad(struct lr11xx_data *data)
+{
+	void *ctx = &data->hal_ctx;
+	struct lora_modem_config *mc = &data->modem_cfg;
+
+	uint8_t sf = (uint8_t)mc->datarate;
+	uint8_t symb_nb = 2;
+	uint8_t detect_peak = lr11xx_cad_detect_peak(sf);
+
+	if (mc->cad.symbol_num != 0) {
+		symb_nb = (uint8_t)mc->cad.symbol_num;
+	}
+	if (mc->cad.detection_peak != 0) {
+		detect_peak = mc->cad.detection_peak;
+	}
+
+	lr11xx_radio_cad_params_t cad = {
+		.cad_symb_nb = symb_nb,
+		.cad_detect_peak = detect_peak,
+		.cad_detect_min = mc->cad.detection_minimum ? mc->cad.detection_minimum : 10,
+		.cad_exit_mode = LR11XX_RADIO_CAD_EXIT_MODE_STANDBYRC,
+		.cad_timeout = 0,
+	};
+
+	lr11xx_radio_set_cad_params(ctx, &cad);
+
+	lr11xx_system_clear_irq_status(ctx, LR11XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_ALL_MASK);
+	data->cad_active = true;
+	lr11xx_radio_set_cad(ctx);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int lr11xx_lora_cad(const struct device *dev, k_timeout_t timeout)
+{
+	struct lr11xx_data *data = dev->data;
+	int ret;
+
+	if (!data->configured) {
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
+
+	bool was_in_rx = data->in_rx_mode;
+
+	if (was_in_rx) {
+		data->in_rx_mode = false;
+		lr11xx_system_set_standby(&data->hal_ctx,
+					  LR11XX_SYSTEM_STANDBY_CFG_RC);
+	}
+
+	k_sem_reset(&data->cad_sem);
+	data->cad_result = -ETIMEDOUT;
+	data->cad_cb = NULL;
+
+	ret = lr11xx_do_cad(data);
+	k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	ret = k_sem_take(&data->cad_sem, timeout);
+	if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
+		data->cad_active = false;
+		return -ETIMEDOUT;
+	}
+
+	return data->cad_result;
+}
+
+static int lr11xx_lora_cad_async(const struct device *dev,
+				  lora_cad_cb cb, void *user_data)
+{
+	struct lr11xx_data *data = dev->data;
+
+	if (cb == NULL) {
+		data->cad_cb = NULL;
+		data->cad_user_data = NULL;
+		data->cad_active = false;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!data->configured) {
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
+
+	if (data->in_rx_mode) {
+		data->in_rx_mode = false;
+		lr11xx_system_set_standby(&data->hal_ctx,
+					  LR11XX_SYSTEM_STANDBY_CFG_RC);
+	}
+
+	data->cad_cb = cb;
+	data->cad_user_data = user_data;
+
+	int ret = lr11xx_do_cad(data);
+	k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* ── Deferred hardware init ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
 static int lr11xx_hw_init(struct lr11xx_data *data,
 			  const struct lr11xx_config *cfg)
 {
@@ -975,6 +1139,7 @@ static int lr11xx_lora_init(const struct device *dev)
 	data->hw_initialized = false;
 
 	k_mutex_init(&data->spi_mutex);
+	k_sem_init(&data->cad_sem, 0, 1);
 	k_work_init(&data->dio1_work, lr11xx_dio1_work_handler);
 
 	/* Start dedicated DIO1 work queue at high priority */
@@ -1035,6 +1200,9 @@ static DEVICE_API(lora, lr11xx_lora_api) = {
 	.send_async = lr11xx_lora_send_async,
 	.recv       = lr11xx_lora_recv,
 	.recv_async = lr11xx_lora_recv_async,
+	.cad        = lr11xx_lora_cad,
+	.cad_async  = lr11xx_lora_cad_async,
+	/* .recv_duty_cycle = NULL — LR1110 duty cycle broken */
 };
 
 #define LR11XX_INIT(n)                                                     \
diff --git a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.h b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.h
index 25d2c27..945b68d 100644
--- a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.h
+++ b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr11xx/lr11xx_lora.h
@@ -40,19 +40,6 @@ int16_t lr11xx_get_rssi_inst(const struct device *dev);
  */
 bool lr11xx_is_receiving(const struct device *dev);
 
-/**
- * @brief Enable/disable RX duty cycle mode
- *
- * When enabled, the radio alternates between RX and sleep using the
- * RadioLib preamble detection algorithm. Saves ~60-70% RX current.
- *
- * Takes effect on the next RX start (recv_async or after TX).
- *
- * @param dev LoRa device
- * @param enable true to enable, false for continuous RX
- */
-void lr11xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev, bool enable);
-
 /**
  * @brief Enable/disable RX boosted mode
  *
diff --git a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.c b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.c
index 61c2f23..df151c9 100644
--- a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.c
+++ b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.c
@@ -86,6 +86,13 @@ struct lr20xx_data {
 	bool rx_boost_enabled;
 	bool rx_boost_applied;
 
+	/* CAD state */
+	lora_cad_cb cad_cb;
+	void *cad_user_data;
+	struct k_sem cad_sem;
+	int cad_result;	/* 0=free, 1=busy, <0=error */
+	bool cad_active;
+
 	/* Deferred hardware init */
 	bool hw_initialized;
 
@@ -675,6 +682,29 @@ static void lr20xx_dio1_work_handler(struct k_work *work)
 		rx_restarted = true;
 	}
 
+	/* ── CAD done ── */
+	if (irq & LR20XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_CAD_DONE) {
+		bool detected = (irq & LR20XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_CAD_DETECTED) != 0;
+
+		LOG_DBG("CAD done: %s", detected ? "activity" : "free");
+		data->cad_active = false;
+
+		if (data->cad_cb) {
+			lora_cad_cb cb = data->cad_cb;
+			void *ud = data->cad_user_data;
+
+			data->cad_cb = NULL;
+			data->cad_user_data = NULL;
+			k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+			cb(data->dev, detected, ud);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		/* Blocking CAD: signal the semaphore */
+		data->cad_result = detected ? 1 : 0;
+		k_sem_give(&data->cad_sem);
+	}
+
 	/* ── TX done ── */
 	if (irq & LR20XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_TX_DONE) {
 		LOG_DBG("TX done");
@@ -826,6 +856,8 @@ static uint32_t lr20xx_lora_airtime(const struct device *dev,
 
 /* ── Driver API: send_async ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
+static int lr20xx_lora_cad(const struct device *dev, k_timeout_t timeout);
+
 static int lr20xx_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
 				  uint8_t *buf, uint32_t data_len,
 				  struct k_poll_signal *async)
@@ -838,6 +870,19 @@ static int lr20xx_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
 	if (data->tx_active) return -EBUSY;
 	if (data_len > 255 || data_len == 0) return -EINVAL;
 
+	/* LBT: perform blocking CAD before transmitting */
+	if (data->modem_cfg.cad.mode == LORA_CAD_MODE_LBT) {
+		int cad_ret = lr20xx_lora_cad(dev, K_MSEC(200));
+		if (cad_ret > 0) {
+			LOG_DBG("LBT: channel busy");
+			return -EBUSY;
+		}
+		if (cad_ret < 0 && cad_ret != -ENOSYS) {
+			LOG_WRN("LBT: CAD failed (%d), proceeding with TX",
+				cad_ret);
+		}
+	}
+
 	k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
 
 	data->async_rx_cb = NULL;
@@ -956,15 +1001,13 @@ static int lr20xx_lora_recv_async(const struct device *dev,
 
 	data->async_rx_cb = cb;
 	data->async_rx_user_data = user_data;
+	data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled = false;
 
 	lr20xx_start_rx(data, cfg);
 
 	k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
 
-	LOG_INF("recv_async: %s%s",
-		data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled
-			? "RX duty cycle"
-			: "continuous RX",
+	LOG_INF("recv_async: continuous RX%s",
 		data->rx_boost_enabled ? ", boosted" : "");
 
 	return 0;
@@ -1022,19 +1065,6 @@ bool lr20xx_is_receiving(const struct device *dev)
 		       LR20XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_SYNC_WORD_HEADER_VALID)) != 0;
 }
 
-void lr20xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev, bool enable)
-{
-	struct lr20xx_data *data = dev->data;
-
-	if (data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled == enable) {
-		return;
-	}
-
-	data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled = enable;
-	LOG_INF("RX duty cycle %s (takes effect on next RX start)",
-		enable ? "enabled" : "disabled");
-}
-
 void lr20xx_set_rx_boost(const struct device *dev, bool enable)
 {
 	struct lr20xx_data *data = dev->data;
@@ -1113,6 +1143,188 @@ void lr20xx_reset_agc(const struct device *dev)
 	k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
 }
 
+/* ── Driver API: CAD ────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+/* Recommended cad_detect_peak values per SF for 2-symbol CAD.
+ * From Semtech LR20xx datasheet table.  Using 2 symbols as a
+ * good balance between speed (~2 symbol durations) and reliability. */
+static uint8_t lr20xx_cad_detect_peak(uint8_t sf)
+{
+	switch (sf) {
+	case 5:  case 6:  return 56;
+	case 7:           return 56;
+	case 8:           return 58;
+	case 9:           return 58;
+	case 10:          return 60;
+	case 11:          return 64;
+	case 12:          return 68;
+	default:          return 60;
+	}
+}
+
+static int lr20xx_do_cad(struct lr20xx_data *data)
+{
+	void *ctx = &data->hal_ctx;
+	struct lora_modem_config *mc = &data->modem_cfg;
+
+	uint8_t sf = (uint8_t)mc->datarate;
+	lr20xx_radio_lora_cad_params_t cad = {
+		.cad_symb_nb = 2,
+		.pnr_delta = 0,	/* exact symbol count, no best-effort */
+		.cad_exit_mode = LR20XX_RADIO_LORA_CAD_EXIT_MODE_STANDBYRC,
+		.cad_timeout_in_pll_step = 0,
+		.cad_detect_peak = lr20xx_cad_detect_peak(sf),
+	};
+
+	/* Override from modem config if caller set non-zero values */
+	if (mc->cad.symbol_num != 0) {
+		cad.cad_symb_nb = (uint8_t)mc->cad.symbol_num;
+	}
+	if (mc->cad.detection_peak != 0) {
+		cad.cad_detect_peak = mc->cad.detection_peak;
+	}
+
+	lr20xx_radio_lora_configure_cad_params(ctx, &cad);
+
+	/* Clear any pending IRQ flags, then start CAD */
+	lr20xx_system_clear_irq_status(ctx, LR20XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_ALL_MASK);
+	data->cad_active = true;
+	lr20xx_radio_lora_set_cad(ctx);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int lr20xx_lora_cad(const struct device *dev, k_timeout_t timeout)
+{
+	struct lr20xx_data *data = dev->data;
+	int ret;
+
+	if (!data->configured) {
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
+
+	/* Stop async RX if active — CAD needs the radio */
+	bool was_in_rx = data->in_rx_mode;
+
+	if (was_in_rx) {
+		data->in_rx_mode = false;
+		lr20xx_system_set_standby_mode(&data->hal_ctx,
+					       LR20XX_SYSTEM_STANDBY_MODE_RC);
+	}
+
+	k_sem_reset(&data->cad_sem);
+	data->cad_result = -ETIMEDOUT;
+	data->cad_cb = NULL;
+
+	ret = lr20xx_do_cad(data);
+	k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	/* Wait for DIO1 handler to signal CAD_DONE */
+	ret = k_sem_take(&data->cad_sem, timeout);
+	if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
+		data->cad_active = false;
+		return -ETIMEDOUT;
+	}
+
+	return data->cad_result;
+}
+
+static int lr20xx_lora_cad_async(const struct device *dev,
+				  lora_cad_cb cb, void *user_data)
+{
+	struct lr20xx_data *data = dev->data;
+
+	if (cb == NULL) {
+		/* Cancel pending CAD */
+		data->cad_cb = NULL;
+		data->cad_user_data = NULL;
+		data->cad_active = false;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!data->configured) {
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
+
+	bool was_in_rx = data->in_rx_mode;
+
+	if (was_in_rx) {
+		data->in_rx_mode = false;
+		lr20xx_system_set_standby_mode(&data->hal_ctx,
+					       LR20XX_SYSTEM_STANDBY_MODE_RC);
+	}
+
+	data->cad_cb = cb;
+	data->cad_user_data = user_data;
+
+	int ret = lr20xx_do_cad(data);
+	k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* ── Driver API: recv_duty_cycle ────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static int lr20xx_lora_recv_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev,
+				       k_timeout_t rx_period,
+				       k_timeout_t sleep_period,
+				       lora_recv_cb cb, void *user_data)
+{
+	struct lr20xx_data *data = dev->data;
+	const struct lr20xx_config *cfg = dev->config;
+
+	if (cb == NULL) {
+		/* Cancel — same as recv_async(NULL) */
+		k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
+		data->async_rx_cb = NULL;
+		data->async_rx_user_data = NULL;
+		data->in_rx_mode = false;
+		k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!data->configured) {
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	k_mutex_lock(&data->spi_mutex, K_FOREVER);
+
+	data->async_rx_cb = cb;
+	data->async_rx_user_data = user_data;
+
+	void *ctx = &data->hal_ctx;
+
+	lr20xx_system_set_standby_mode(ctx, LR20XX_SYSTEM_STANDBY_MODE_RC);
+	lr20xx_system_clear_irq_status(ctx, LR20XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_ALL_MASK);
+	lr20xx_radio_fifo_clear_rx(ctx);
+	lr20xx_apply_modem_config(data, cfg, false);
+
+	uint32_t rx_ms = k_ticks_to_ms_ceil32(rx_period.ticks);
+	uint32_t slp_ms = k_ticks_to_ms_ceil32(sleep_period.ticks);
+	if (rx_ms < 1) rx_ms = 1;
+	if (slp_ms < 1) slp_ms = 1;
+
+	data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled = true;
+	lr20xx_radio_common_set_rx_duty_cycle(ctx, rx_ms, slp_ms,
+		LR20XX_RADIO_COMMON_RX_DUTY_CYCLE_MODE_RX);
+	LOG_INF("recv_duty_cycle: rx=%ums sleep=%ums", rx_ms, slp_ms);
+
+	lr20xx_system_clear_irq_status(ctx, LR20XX_SYSTEM_IRQ_ALL_MASK);
+	data->in_rx_mode = true;
+	data->tx_active = false;
+
+	k_mutex_unlock(&data->spi_mutex);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /* ── Deferred hardware init ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
 static int lr20xx_hw_init(struct lr20xx_data *data,
@@ -1285,6 +1497,7 @@ static int lr20xx_lora_init(const struct device *dev)
 	data->hw_initialized = false;
 
 	k_mutex_init(&data->spi_mutex);
+	k_sem_init(&data->cad_sem, 0, 1);
 	k_work_init(&data->dio1_work, lr20xx_dio1_work_handler);
 
 	k_work_queue_start(&data->dio1_wq, lr20xx_dio1_wq_stack,
@@ -1327,12 +1540,15 @@ static int lr20xx_lora_init(const struct device *dev)
 /* ── Device instantiation ───────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
 static DEVICE_API(lora, lr20xx_lora_api) = {
-	.config     = lr20xx_lora_config,
-	.airtime    = lr20xx_lora_airtime,
-	.send       = lr20xx_lora_send,
-	.send_async = lr20xx_lora_send_async,
-	.recv       = lr20xx_lora_recv,
-	.recv_async = lr20xx_lora_recv_async,
+	.config          = lr20xx_lora_config,
+	.airtime         = lr20xx_lora_airtime,
+	.send            = lr20xx_lora_send,
+	.send_async      = lr20xx_lora_send_async,
+	.recv            = lr20xx_lora_recv,
+	.recv_async      = lr20xx_lora_recv_async,
+	.cad             = lr20xx_lora_cad,
+	.cad_async       = lr20xx_lora_cad_async,
+	.recv_duty_cycle = lr20xx_lora_recv_duty_cycle,
 };
 
 #define LR20XX_INIT(n)                                                       \
diff --git a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.h b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.h
index 96b08f7..92cd72d 100644
--- a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.h
+++ b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/lr20xx/lr20xx_lora.h
@@ -37,17 +37,6 @@ int16_t lr20xx_get_rssi_inst(const struct device *dev);
  */
 bool lr20xx_is_receiving(const struct device *dev);
 
-/**
- * @brief Enable/disable RX duty cycle mode
- *
- * When enabled, radio alternates between RX and sleep.
- * Takes effect on the next RX start.
- *
- * @param dev LoRa device
- * @param enable true to enable, false for continuous RX
- */
-void lr20xx_set_rx_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev, bool enable);
-
 /**
  * @brief Enable/disable RX boosted mode
  *
diff --git a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x_ext.h b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x_ext.h
index 265cb9e..10a376f 100644
--- a/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x_ext.h
+++ b/zephcore/patches/zephyr-new/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x_ext.h
@@ -40,17 +40,6 @@ int16_t sx126x_get_rssi_inst(const struct device *dev);
  */
 bool sx126x_is_receiving(const struct device *dev);
 
-/**
- * @brief Enable/disable RX duty cycle mode
- *
- * When enabled, the radio alternates between RX and sleep using the
- * RadioLib preamble detection algorithm. Saves ~60-70% RX current.
- *
- * @param dev LoRa device
- * @param enable true to enable, false for continuous RX
- */
-void sx126x_set_rx_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev, bool enable);
-
 /**
  * @brief Enable/disable RX boosted mode
  *
diff --git a/zephcore/patches/zephyr/0003-lora-sx126x-native.patch b/zephcore/patches/zephyr/0003-lora-sx126x-native.patch
index e5a80bd..d3cb1e5 100644
--- a/zephcore/patches/zephyr/0003-lora-sx126x-native.patch
+++ b/zephcore/patches/zephyr/0003-lora-sx126x-native.patch
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 diff --git a/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.c b/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.c
-index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
+index 7b0b67f89d5..0225ff4360d 100644
 --- a/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.c
 +++ b/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.c
 @@ -9,10 +9,19 @@
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
  }
  
  static void sx126x_set_rf_path(const struct device *dev, bool enable, bool tx)
-@@ -405,11 +466,133 @@ static void sx126x_set_rf_path(const struct device *dev, bool enable, bool tx)
+@@ -405,11 +466,70 @@ static void sx126x_set_rf_path(const struct device *dev, bool enable, bool tx)
  	const struct sx126x_hal_config *config = dev->config;
  
  	sx126x_hal_set_antenna_enable(dev, enable);
@@ -194,74 +194,6 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
  	}
  }
  
-+/* ── RX duty cycle (RadioLib algorithm) ─────────────────────────────── */
-+
-+#define SX126X_DC_MIN_SYMBOLS_SF7_PLUS  8
-+#define SX126X_DC_MIN_SYMBOLS_SF6_LESS  12
-+#define SX126X_DC_TCXO_DELAY_US         1000
-+
-+static void sx126x_apply_rx_duty_cycle(struct sx126x_data *data)
-+{
-+	const struct device *dev = data->dev;
-+	struct lora_modem_config *mc = &data->config;
-+
-+	uint8_t sf = (uint8_t)mc->datarate;
-+	uint32_t bw_hz = bandwidth_to_hz(mc->bandwidth);
-+	float bw_khz = (float)bw_hz / 1000.0f;
-+	uint16_t preamble_len = mc->preamble_len;
-+
-+	uint16_t min_symbols = (sf >= 7) ? SX126X_DC_MIN_SYMBOLS_SF7_PLUS
-+					 : SX126X_DC_MIN_SYMBOLS_SF6_LESS;
-+
-+	int16_t sleep_symbols = (int16_t)preamble_len - (int16_t)min_symbols;
-+	if (sleep_symbols <= 0) {
-+		LOG_WRN("Preamble too short for duty cycle (need >%d, have %d)",
-+			min_symbols, preamble_len);
-+		data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled = false;
-+		sx126x_set_rx(dev, 0);
-+		return;
-+	}
-+
-+	uint32_t symbol_us = (uint32_t)((float)(1 << sf) * 1000.0f / bw_khz);
-+
-+	/* Shave 2 symbols off sleep for timing margin */
-+	int16_t sleep_symbols_safe = sleep_symbols - 2;
-+	if (sleep_symbols_safe < 1) {
-+		sleep_symbols_safe = 1;
-+	}
-+	uint32_t sleep_period_us = (uint16_t)sleep_symbols_safe * symbol_us;
-+
-+	uint32_t preamble_total_us = (preamble_len + 1) * symbol_us;
-+	int32_t wake_calc1 = ((int32_t)preamble_total_us -
-+			      ((int32_t)sleep_period_us - SX126X_DC_TCXO_DELAY_US)) / 2;
-+	uint32_t wake_calc2 = (min_symbols + 1) * symbol_us;
-+
-+	uint32_t wake_period_us = (wake_calc1 > 0 && (uint32_t)wake_calc1 > wake_calc2)
-+				  ? (uint32_t)wake_calc1 : wake_calc2;
-+
-+	/* SetRxDutyCycle takes times in 15.625us steps (multiply by 64/1000) */
-+	uint32_t rx_time = (wake_period_us * 64) / 1000;
-+	uint32_t sleep_time = (sleep_period_us * 64) / 1000;
-+
-+	if (rx_time < 64) {
-+		rx_time = 64;
-+	}
-+	if (sleep_time < 64) {
-+		sleep_time = 64;
-+	}
-+
-+	/* SPI command: 3 bytes rx_period + 3 bytes sleep_period */
-+	uint8_t buf[6];
-+
-+	sys_put_be24(rx_time, &buf[0]);
-+	sys_put_be24(sleep_time, &buf[3]);
-+	sx126x_hal_write_cmd(dev, SX126X_CMD_SET_RX_DUTY_CYCLE, buf, 6);
-+
-+	uint32_t rx_ms = (rx_time * 1000) / 64000;
-+	uint32_t sleep_ms = (sleep_time * 1000) / 64000;
-+	LOG_DBG("RX duty cycle: SF%d rx=%ums sleep=%ums", sf, rx_ms, sleep_ms);
-+}
-+
 +/* ── Lightweight RX restart ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
 +
 +/* Restart RX as fast as possible — used for RX→RX transitions in the
@@ -290,7 +222,12 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
 +			sx126x_set_dio2_as_rf_switch(dev, true);
 +		}
 +
-+		sx126x_apply_rx_duty_cycle(data);
++		/* Re-apply duty cycle with stored timing */
++		uint8_t dc_buf[6];
++		sys_put_be24(data->dc_rx_time, &dc_buf[0]);
++		sys_put_be24(data->dc_sleep_time, &dc_buf[3]);
++		sx126x_hal_write_cmd(dev, SX126X_CMD_SET_RX_DUTY_CYCLE,
++				     dc_buf, 6);
 +	} else {
 +		uint8_t buf[3];
 +
@@ -312,7 +249,7 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
  static int sx126x_set_sleep(const struct device *dev)
  {
  	struct sx126x_data *data = dev->data;
-@@ -521,19 +704,23 @@ static void sx126x_handle_irq_rx_done(const struct device *dev, uint16_t irq_sta
+@@ -521,19 +641,23 @@ static void sx126x_handle_irq_rx_done(const struct device *dev, uint16_t irq_sta
  
  	/* Handle async callback or signal sync receiver */
  	if (data->rx_cb != NULL) {
@@ -345,7 +282,33 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
  	} else {
  		/* Sync mode */
  		sx126x_set_sleep(dev);
-@@ -653,6 +840,29 @@ static int sx126x_lora_config(const struct device *dev,
+@@ -592,6 +716,25 @@ static void sx126x_irq_work_handler(struct k_work *work)
+ 		sx126x_handle_irq_timeout(dev);
+ 	}
+ 
++	if (irq_status & SX126X_IRQ_CAD_DONE) {
++		bool detected = (irq_status & SX126X_IRQ_CAD_ACTIVITY_DETECTED) != 0;
++
++		LOG_DBG("CAD done: %s", detected ? "activity" : "free");
++		data->cad_active = false;
++
++		if (data->cad_cb) {
++			lora_cad_cb cb = data->cad_cb;
++			void *ud = data->cad_user_data;
++
++			data->cad_cb = NULL;
++			data->cad_user_data = NULL;
++			cb(dev, detected, ud);
++		} else {
++			data->cad_result = detected ? 1 : 0;
++			k_sem_give(&data->cad_sem);
++		}
++	}
++
+ 	/* Re-enable the DIO1 interrupt for the next event (unless sleeping) */
+ 	if (atomic_get(&data->state) != SX126X_REST_STATE) {
+ 		sx126x_hal_dio1_irq_enable(dev);
+@@ -653,6 +796,29 @@ static int sx126x_lora_config(const struct device *dev,
  		goto out;
  	}
  
@@ -375,7 +338,51 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
  	/* Set sync word */
  	ret = sx126x_set_sync_word(dev, config->public_network);
  	if (ret < 0) {
-@@ -732,6 +942,29 @@ static int sx126x_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
+@@ -676,6 +842,8 @@ out:
+ 	return ret;
+ }
+ 
++static int sx126x_lora_cad(const struct device *dev, k_timeout_t timeout);
++
+ static int sx126x_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
+ 				  uint8_t *data_buf, uint32_t data_len,
+ 				  struct k_poll_signal *async)
+@@ -707,6 +875,34 @@ static int sx126x_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
+ 		return ret;
+ 	}
+ 
++	/* LBT: perform blocking CAD before transmitting */
++	if (data->config.cad.mode == LORA_CAD_MODE_LBT) {
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++		int cad_ret = sx126x_lora_cad(dev, K_MSEC(200));
++		if (cad_ret > 0) {
++			LOG_DBG("LBT: channel busy");
++			return -EBUSY;
++		}
++		if (cad_ret < 0 && cad_ret != -ENOSYS) {
++			LOG_WRN("LBT: CAD failed (%d), proceeding with TX",
++				cad_ret);
++		}
++		/* Re-acquire state and lock for TX */
++		if (!atomic_cas(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE,
++				SX126X_STATE_TX)) {
++			LOG_ERR("Busy after CAD");
++			return -EBUSY;
++		}
++		k_mutex_lock(&data->lock, K_FOREVER);
++		ret = sx126x_ensure_ready(dev);
++		if (ret < 0) {
++			k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++			atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++			return ret;
++		}
++	}
++
+ 	data->tx_async_signal = async;
+ 	k_msgq_purge(&data->tx_msgq);
+ 
+@@ -732,6 +928,29 @@ static int sx126x_lora_send_async(const struct device *dev,
  	/* Enable antenna and set TX path */
  	sx126x_set_rf_path(dev, true, true);
  
@@ -405,7 +412,15 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
  	/* Start transmission with 10 second timeout */
  	ret = sx126x_set_tx(dev, 10000);
  	if (ret < 0) {
-@@ -1038,6 +1271,126 @@ static int sx126x_lora_test_cw(const struct device *dev, uint32_t frequency,
+@@ -902,6 +1121,7 @@ static int sx126x_lora_recv_async(const struct device *dev,
+ 
+ 	data->rx_cb = cb;
+ 	data->rx_cb_user_data = user_data;
++	data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled = false;
+ 
+ 	/* Set packet parameters */
+ 	ret = sx126x_set_packet_params(dev,
+@@ -1038,14 +1258,407 @@ static int sx126x_lora_test_cw(const struct device *dev, uint32_t frequency,
  	return 0;
  }
  
@@ -452,25 +467,7 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
 +			      SX126X_IRQ_HEADER_VALID)) != 0;
 +}
 +
-+void sx126x_set_rx_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev, bool enable)
-+{
-+	struct sx126x_data *data = dev->data;
 +
-+	data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled = enable;
-+	LOG_DBG("RX duty cycle %s", enable ? "enabled" : "disabled");
-+
-+	/* If currently in RX, apply immediately */
-+	if (atomic_get(&data->state) == SX126X_STATE_RX) {
-+		k_mutex_lock(&data->lock, K_FOREVER);
-+		if (enable && data->config_valid) {
-+			sx126x_apply_rx_duty_cycle(data);
-+		} else {
-+			sx126x_set_rx(dev, 0);
-+		}
-+		/* RX gain preserved by hardware retention (§9.6) */
-+		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
-+	}
-+}
 +
 +void sx126x_set_rx_boost(const struct device *dev, bool enable)
 +{
@@ -528,11 +525,321 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
 +
 +	k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
 +}
++
++/* ── Driver API: CAD ────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
++
++/* Recommended cad_detect_peak values per SF for 2-symbol CAD.
++ * From Semtech SX1261/62/68 datasheet AN1200.48. */
++static uint8_t sx126x_cad_detect_peak(uint8_t sf)
++{
++	switch (sf) {
++	case 5:  case 6:  return 56;
++	case 7:           return 56;
++	case 8:           return 58;
++	case 9:           return 58;
++	case 10:          return 60;
++	case 11:          return 64;
++	case 12:          return 68;
++	default:          return 60;
++	}
++}
++
++static int sx126x_do_cad(const struct device *dev, struct sx126x_data *data)
++{
++	struct lora_modem_config *mc = &data->config;
++	uint8_t sf = (uint8_t)mc->datarate;
++	uint8_t symb_nb = 2;
++	uint8_t detect_peak = sx126x_cad_detect_peak(sf);
++
++	if (mc->cad.symbol_num != 0) {
++		symb_nb = (uint8_t)mc->cad.symbol_num;
++	}
++	if (mc->cad.detection_peak != 0) {
++		detect_peak = mc->cad.detection_peak;
++	}
++
++	/* SetCadParams: symb_nb, detect_peak, detect_min, exit_mode,
++	 * timeout (3 bytes, unused for STANDBYRC exit) */
++	uint8_t buf[7];
++
++	buf[0] = symb_nb;
++	buf[1] = detect_peak;
++	buf[2] = mc->cad.detection_minimum ? mc->cad.detection_minimum : 10;
++	buf[3] = 0x00;	/* CAD_ONLY (exit to STANDBYRC) */
++	buf[4] = 0;	/* timeout[23:16] */
++	buf[5] = 0;	/* timeout[15:8] */
++	buf[6] = 0;	/* timeout[7:0] */
++
++	sx126x_hal_write_cmd(dev, SX126X_CMD_SET_CAD_PARAMS, buf, 7);
++
++	sx126x_clear_irq_status(dev, SX126X_IRQ_CAD_DONE |
++				     SX126X_IRQ_CAD_ACTIVITY_DETECTED);
++	data->cad_active = true;
++
++	/* Enable antenna in RX mode for CAD */
++	sx126x_set_rf_path(dev, true, false);
++	sx126x_hal_write_cmd(dev, SX126X_CMD_SET_CAD, NULL, 0);
++
++	return 0;
++}
++
++static int sx126x_lora_cad(const struct device *dev, k_timeout_t timeout)
++{
++	struct sx126x_data *data = dev->data;
++	int ret;
++
++	if (!data->config_valid) {
++		return -EINVAL;
++	}
++
++	/* Transition from REST → IDLE for the CAD operation */
++	if (!atomic_cas(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE, SX126X_STATE_IDLE)) {
++		/* If we're in RX, force to IDLE */
++		if (!atomic_cas(&data->state, SX126X_STATE_RX, SX126X_STATE_IDLE)) {
++			return -EBUSY;
++		}
++	}
++
++	k_mutex_lock(&data->lock, K_FOREVER);
++
++	ret = sx126x_ensure_ready(dev);
++	if (ret < 0) {
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++		return ret;
++	}
++
++	k_sem_reset(&data->cad_sem);
++	data->cad_result = -ETIMEDOUT;
++	data->cad_cb = NULL;
++
++	ret = sx126x_do_cad(dev, data);
++	k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++
++	if (ret < 0) {
++		atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++		return ret;
++	}
++
++	ret = k_sem_take(&data->cad_sem, timeout);
++	if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
++		data->cad_active = false;
++		atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++		return -ETIMEDOUT;
++	}
++
++	atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++	return data->cad_result;
++}
++
++static int sx126x_lora_cad_async(const struct device *dev,
++				  lora_cad_cb cb, void *user_data)
++{
++	struct sx126x_data *data = dev->data;
++
++	if (cb == NULL) {
++		data->cad_cb = NULL;
++		data->cad_user_data = NULL;
++		data->cad_active = false;
++		return 0;
++	}
++
++	if (!data->config_valid) {
++		return -EINVAL;
++	}
++
++	if (!atomic_cas(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE, SX126X_STATE_IDLE)) {
++		if (!atomic_cas(&data->state, SX126X_STATE_RX, SX126X_STATE_IDLE)) {
++			return -EBUSY;
++		}
++	}
++
++	k_mutex_lock(&data->lock, K_FOREVER);
++
++	int ret = sx126x_ensure_ready(dev);
++
++	if (ret < 0) {
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++		return ret;
++	}
++
++	data->cad_cb = cb;
++	data->cad_user_data = user_data;
++
++	ret = sx126x_do_cad(dev, data);
++	k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++
++	if (ret < 0) {
++		atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++	}
++
++	return ret;
++}
++
++/* ── Driver API: recv_duty_cycle ────────────────────────────────────── */
++
++static int sx126x_lora_recv_duty_cycle(const struct device *dev,
++				       k_timeout_t rx_period,
++				       k_timeout_t sleep_period,
++				       lora_recv_cb cb, void *user_data)
++{
++	struct sx126x_data *data = dev->data;
++	int ret;
++
++	k_mutex_lock(&data->lock, K_FOREVER);
++
++	if (cb == NULL) {
++		data->rx_cb = NULL;
++		data->rx_cb_user_data = NULL;
++		if (atomic_cas(&data->state, SX126X_STATE_RX, SX126X_STATE_IDLE)) {
++			sx126x_set_standby(dev, SX126X_STANDBY_RC);
++			sx126x_set_sleep(dev);
++		}
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		return 0;
++	}
++
++	if (!data->config_valid) {
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		return -EINVAL;
++	}
++
++	if (!atomic_cas(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE, SX126X_STATE_RX)) {
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		return -EBUSY;
++	}
++
++	ret = sx126x_ensure_ready(dev);
++	if (ret < 0) {
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++		return ret;
++	}
++
++	data->rx_cb = cb;
++	data->rx_cb_user_data = user_data;
++
++	/* Set packet parameters (same as recv_async) */
++	ret = sx126x_set_packet_params(dev,
++				       data->config.preamble_len,
++				       SX126X_LORA_HEADER_EXPLICIT,
++				       SX126X_MAX_PAYLOAD_LEN,
++				       data->config.packet_crc_disable ?
++				       SX126X_LORA_CRC_OFF : SX126X_LORA_CRC_ON,
++				       data->config.iq_inverted ?
++				       SX126X_LORA_IQ_INVERTED : SX126X_LORA_IQ_STANDARD);
++	if (ret < 0) {
++		data->rx_cb = NULL;
++		sx126x_set_sleep(dev);
++		k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++		return ret;
++	}
++
++	sx126x_set_rf_path(dev, true, false);
++
++	uint32_t rx_time, sleep_time;
++
++	if (K_TIMEOUT_EQ(rx_period, K_FOREVER) ||
++	    K_TIMEOUT_EQ(sleep_period, K_FOREVER)) {
++		/* Auto-compute from modem config (RadioLib algorithm) */
++		struct lora_modem_config *mc = &data->config;
++		uint8_t sf = (uint8_t)mc->datarate;
++		uint32_t bw_hz = bandwidth_to_hz(mc->bandwidth);
++		float bw_khz = (float)bw_hz / 1000.0f;
++		uint16_t preamble_len = mc->preamble_len;
++
++		uint16_t min_symbols = (sf >= 7) ? 8 : 12;
++		int16_t sleep_symbols = (int16_t)preamble_len -
++					(int16_t)min_symbols;
++		if (sleep_symbols <= 0) {
++			LOG_WRN("Preamble too short for duty cycle "
++				"(need >%d, have %d)",
++				min_symbols, preamble_len);
++			data->rx_cb = NULL;
++			sx126x_set_sleep(dev);
++			k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++			atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_REST_STATE);
++			return -EINVAL;
++		}
++
++		uint32_t symbol_us = (uint32_t)((float)(1 << sf) *
++						 1000.0f / bw_khz);
++
++		int16_t sleep_symbols_safe = sleep_symbols - 2;
++		if (sleep_symbols_safe < 1) sleep_symbols_safe = 1;
++		uint32_t sleep_us = (uint16_t)sleep_symbols_safe * symbol_us;
++
++		uint32_t preamble_us = (preamble_len + 1) * symbol_us;
++		int32_t wake1 = ((int32_t)preamble_us -
++				 ((int32_t)sleep_us - 1000)) / 2;
++		uint32_t wake2 = (min_symbols + 1) * symbol_us;
++		uint32_t rx_us = (wake1 > 0 && (uint32_t)wake1 > wake2)
++				  ? (uint32_t)wake1 : wake2;
++
++		/* Convert us to 15.625us steps */
++		rx_time = (rx_us * 64) / 1000;
++		sleep_time = (sleep_us * 64) / 1000;
++	} else {
++		/* Explicit timing from caller */
++		uint32_t rx_us = k_ticks_to_us_ceil32(rx_period.ticks);
++		uint32_t slp_us = k_ticks_to_us_ceil32(sleep_period.ticks);
++		rx_time = (rx_us * 64) / 1000;
++		sleep_time = (slp_us * 64) / 1000;
++	}
++
++	if (rx_time < 64) rx_time = 64;
++	if (sleep_time < 64) sleep_time = 64;
++
++	/* Store for restart_rx to re-use */
++	data->dc_rx_time = rx_time;
++	data->dc_sleep_time = sleep_time;
++	data->rx_duty_cycle_enabled = true;
++
++	uint8_t buf[6];
++
++	sys_put_be24(rx_time, &buf[0]);
++	sys_put_be24(sleep_time, &buf[3]);
++	sx126x_hal_write_cmd(dev, SX126X_CMD_SET_RX_DUTY_CYCLE, buf, 6);
++
++	/* Apply RX gain */
++	uint8_t gain = data->rx_boost_enabled ? SX126X_RX_GAIN_BOOSTED
++					      : SX126X_RX_GAIN_POWER_SAVING;
++	sx126x_hal_write_regs(dev, SX126X_REG_RX_GAIN, &gain, 1);
++
++	k_mutex_unlock(&data->lock);
++
++	LOG_DBG("recv_duty_cycle: rx=%uus sleep=%uus",
++		(rx_time * 1000) / 64, (sleep_time * 1000) / 64);
++	return 0;
++}
 +
  static DEVICE_API(lora, sx126x_lora_api) = {
- 	.config = sx126x_lora_config,
- 	.send = sx126x_lora_send,
-@@ -1063,6 +1416,14 @@ static int sx126x_init(const struct device *dev)
+-	.config = sx126x_lora_config,
+-	.send = sx126x_lora_send,
+-	.send_async = sx126x_lora_send_async,
+-	.recv = sx126x_lora_recv,
+-	.recv_async = sx126x_lora_recv_async,
+-	.airtime = sx126x_lora_airtime,
+-	.test_cw = sx126x_lora_test_cw,
++	.config          = sx126x_lora_config,
++	.send            = sx126x_lora_send,
++	.send_async      = sx126x_lora_send_async,
++	.recv            = sx126x_lora_recv,
++	.recv_async      = sx126x_lora_recv_async,
++	.airtime         = sx126x_lora_airtime,
++	.cad             = sx126x_lora_cad,
++	.cad_async       = sx126x_lora_cad_async,
++	.recv_duty_cycle = sx126x_lora_recv_duty_cycle,
++	.test_cw         = sx126x_lora_test_cw,
+ };
+ 
+ static int sx126x_init(const struct device *dev)
+@@ -1060,9 +1673,18 @@ static int sx126x_init(const struct device *dev)
+ 	k_msgq_init(&data->rx_msgq, (char *)&data->rx_result,
+ 		    sizeof(struct sx126x_rx_result), 1);
+ 	k_work_init(&data->irq_work, sx126x_irq_work_handler);
++	k_sem_init(&data->cad_sem, 0, 1);
  	data->dev = dev;
  	atomic_set(&data->state, SX126X_STATE_IDLE);
  	data->config_valid = false;
@@ -548,10 +855,10 @@ index 7b0b67f89d5..a6c1ceba162 100644
  	/* Initialize HAL */
  	ret = sx126x_hal_init(dev);
 diff --git a/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.h b/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.h
-index 9dbf3f26586..dabe5495853 100644
+index 9dbf3f26586..3aa0c7e588c 100644
 --- a/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.h
 +++ b/drivers/lora/native/sx126x/sx126x.h
-@@ -62,7 +62,12 @@ struct sx126x_data {
+@@ -62,7 +62,21 @@ struct sx126x_data {
  
  	/* Deferred work for interrupt handling */
  	struct k_work irq_work;
@@ -561,6 +868,15 @@ index 9dbf3f26586..dabe5495853 100644
 +	/* Extension features (duty cycle, boost) */
 +	bool rx_duty_cycle_enabled;
 +	bool rx_boost_enabled;
++	uint32_t dc_rx_time;    /* stored duty cycle rx period (15.625us steps) */
++	uint32_t dc_sleep_time; /* stored duty cycle sleep period (15.625us steps) */
++
++	/* CAD state */
++	lora_cad_cb cad_cb;
++	void *cad_user_data;
++	struct k_sem cad_sem;
++	int cad_result;
++	bool cad_active;
  };
  
  #endif /* ZEPHYR_DRIVERS_LORA_SX126X_SX126X_INTERNAL_H_ */