diff --git a/pkg/service/docker_test.go b/pkg/service/docker_test.go
index 48937f3d4..a3da60484 100644
--- a/pkg/service/docker_test.go
+++ b/pkg/service/docker_test.go
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"net"
 	"os"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 
+	"go.uber.org/atomic"
+
 	"github.com/ory/dockertest/v3"
 )
 
@@ -58,11 +59,11 @@ func waitTCPPort(t testing.TB, addr string) {
 	}
 }
 
-var redisLast uint32
+var redisLast atomic.Uint32
 
 func runRedis(t testing.TB) string {
 	c, err := Docker.RunWithOptions(&dockertest.RunOptions{
-		Name:       fmt.Sprintf("lktest-redis-%d", atomic.AddUint32(&redisLast, 1)),
+		Name:       fmt.Sprintf("lktest-redis-%d", redisLast.Inc()),
 		Repository: "redis", Tag: "latest",
 	})
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/channel_observer.go b/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/channel_observer.go
index 856d65537..584abae20 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/channel_observer.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/channel_observer.go
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
+
 	"github.com/livekit/livekit-server/pkg/sfu/ccutils"
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/logger"
 )
@@ -175,11 +177,9 @@ func (c *channelObserver) GetTrend() (channelTrend, channelCongestionReason) {
 
 	switch {
 	case estimateDirection == ccutils.TrendDirectionDownward:
-		c.logger.Debugw("remote bwe: channel observer: estimate is trending downward", "channel", c)
 		return channelTrendCongesting, channelCongestionReasonEstimate
 
 	case c.nackTracker.IsTriggered():
-		c.logger.Debugw("remote bwe: channel observer: high rate of repeated NACKs", "channel", c)
 		return channelTrendCongesting, channelCongestionReasonLoss
 
 	case estimateDirection == ccutils.TrendDirectionUpward:
@@ -189,8 +189,19 @@ func (c *channelObserver) GetTrend() (channelTrend, channelCongestionReason) {
 	return channelTrendNeutral, channelCongestionReasonNone
 }
 
-func (c *channelObserver) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("name: %s, estimate: {%v}, nack {%v}", c.params.Name, c.estimateTrend, c.nackTracker)
+func (c *channelObserver) MarshalLogObject(e zapcore.ObjectEncoder) error {
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	e.AddString("name", c.params.Name)
+	e.AddString("estimate", c.estimateTrend.String())
+	e.AddObject("nack", c.nackTracker)
+
+	channelTrend, channelCongestionReason := c.GetTrend()
+	e.AddString("channelTrend", channelTrend.String())
+	e.AddString("channelCongestionReason", channelCongestionReason.String())
+	return nil
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/nack_tracker.go b/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/nack_tracker.go
index c536ad7e3..d2d5b8d6d 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/nack_tracker.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/nack_tracker.go
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@
 package remotebwe
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"time"
 
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
+
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/logger"
 )
 
@@ -116,14 +117,22 @@ func (n *nackTracker) IsTriggered() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (n *nackTracker) String() string {
-	window := ""
-	if !n.windowStartTime.IsZero() {
-		now := time.Now()
-		elapsed := now.Sub(n.windowStartTime).Seconds()
-		window = fmt.Sprintf("t: %+v|%+v|%.2fs", n.windowStartTime.Format(time.UnixDate), now.Format(time.UnixDate), elapsed)
+func (n *nackTracker) MarshalLogObject(e zapcore.ObjectEncoder) error {
+	if n == nil {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("n: %s, %s, p: %d, rn: %d, rn/p: %.2f", n.params.Name, window, n.packets, n.repeatedNacks, n.GetRatio())
+
+	e.AddString("name", n.params.Name)
+	if n.windowStartTime.IsZero() {
+		e.AddString("window", "inactive")
+	} else {
+		e.AddTime("windowStartTime", n.windowStartTime)
+		e.AddDuration("windowDuration", time.Since(n.windowStartTime))
+		e.AddUint32("packets", n.packets)
+		e.AddUint32("repeatedNacks", n.repeatedNacks)
+		e.AddFloat64("nackRatio", n.GetRatio())
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 /* REMOTE-BWE-DATA
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/remote_bwe.go b/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/remote_bwe.go
index 4721f5f4b..33bad45a4 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/remote_bwe.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/bwe/remotebwe/remote_bwe.go
@@ -140,6 +140,10 @@ func (r *RemoteBWE) congestionDetectionStateMachine() (bool, bwe.CongestionState
 	newState := r.congestionState
 	update := false
 	trend, reason := r.channelObserver.GetTrend()
+	if trend == channelTrendCongesting {
+		r.params.Logger.Debugw("remote bwe, channel congesting", "channel", r.channelObserver)
+	}
+
 	switch r.congestionState {
 	case bwe.CongestionStateNone:
 		if trend == channelTrendCongesting {
@@ -151,7 +155,7 @@ func (r *RemoteBWE) congestionDetectionStateMachine() (bool, bwe.CongestionState
 	case bwe.CongestionStateCongested:
 		if trend == channelTrendCongesting {
 			if r.estimateAvailableChannelCapacity(reason) {
-				// update state sa this needs to reset switch time to wait for congestion min duration again
+				// update state as this needs to reset switch time to wait for congestion min duration again
 				update = true
 			}
 		} else if time.Since(r.congestionStateSwitchedAt) >= r.params.Config.CongestedMinDuration {
@@ -273,13 +277,24 @@ func (r *RemoteBWE) ProbeClusterDone(_pci ccutils.ProbeClusterInfo) (bool, int64
 	pco := r.channelObserver
 	r.channelObserver = r.newChannelObserverNonProbe()
 
+	r.params.Logger.Debugw(
+		"remote bwe: probe done",
+		"lastReceived", r.lastReceivedEstimate,
+		"expectedBandwidthUsage", r.lastExpectedBandwidthUsage,
+		"channel", pco,
+	)
+
 	if !pco.HasEnoughEstimateSamples() {
 		// cannot decide success/failure without enough data
-		return false, pco.GetHighestEstimate()
+		return false, r.committedChannelCapacity
 	}
 
 	trend, _ := pco.GetTrend()
-	return trend == channelTrendClearing, pco.GetHighestEstimate()
+	highestEstimate := pco.GetHighestEstimate()
+	if trend == channelTrendClearing && highestEstimate > r.committedChannelCapacity {
+		r.committedChannelCapacity = highestEstimate
+	}
+	return trend == channelTrendClearing, r.committedChannelCapacity
 }
 
 func (r *RemoteBWE) worker() {
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/ccutils/prober.go b/pkg/sfu/ccutils/prober.go
index 88e127922..c3068354b 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/ccutils/prober.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/ccutils/prober.go
@@ -352,6 +352,10 @@ func (p ProbeClusterResult) Duration() time.Duration {
 	return time.Duration(p.EndTime - p.StartTime)
 }
 
+func (p ProbeClusterResult) Bitrate() float64 {
+	return float64(p.Bytes()*8) / p.Duration().Seconds()
+}
+
 func (p ProbeClusterResult) MarshalLogObject(e zapcore.ObjectEncoder) error {
 	e.AddTime("StartTime", time.Unix(0, p.StartTime))
 	e.AddTime("EndTime", time.Unix(0, p.EndTime))
@@ -360,6 +364,7 @@ func (p ProbeClusterResult) MarshalLogObject(e zapcore.ObjectEncoder) error {
 	e.AddInt("BytesNonProbePrimary", p.BytesNonProbePrimary)
 	e.AddInt("BytesNonProbeRTX", p.BytesNonProbeRTX)
 	e.AddInt("Bytes", p.Bytes())
+	e.AddFloat64("Bitrate", p.Bitrate())
 	e.AddBool("IsCompleted", p.IsCompleted)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -470,11 +475,11 @@ func (c *Cluster) Process() time.Duration {
 		return 0
 	}
 
-	sleepDuration := c.probeSleeps[c.probeIdx]
+	sleepDuration := c.probeSleeps[c.probeIdx%len(c.probeSleeps)]
 	c.probeIdx++
 	if c.probeIdx >= len(c.probeSleeps) {
-		// stay in the last bucket till desired number of bytes are sent
-		c.probeIdx = len(c.probeSleeps) - 1
+		// when overflowing, back off to ensure probe finishes, but not overshoot too much
+		sleepDuration *= time.Duration(c.probeIdx/len(c.probeSleeps) + 1)
 	}
 	c.lock.Unlock()
 
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/forwardstats.go b/pkg/sfu/forwardstats.go
index 5de0df3f4..f594b4154 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/forwardstats.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/forwardstats.go
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ package sfu
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"go.uber.org/atomic"
+
 	"github.com/livekit/livekit-server/pkg/telemetry/prometheus"
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/logger"
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/utils"
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/pacer/probe_observer.go b/pkg/sfu/pacer/probe_observer.go
index 4fb9a568f..fd370d758 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/pacer/probe_observer.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/pacer/probe_observer.go
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ package pacer
 
 import (
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.uber.org/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/livekit/livekit-server/pkg/sfu/ccutils"
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/logger"
@@ -121,7 +123,7 @@ func (po *ProbeObserver) RecordPacket(size int, isRTX bool, probeClusterId ccuti
 
 	notify := false
 	var clusterId ccutils.ProbeClusterId
-	if po.pci.Result.EndTime == 0 && po.pci.Result.Bytes() >= po.pci.Goal.DesiredBytes {
+	if po.pci.Result.EndTime == 0 && ((po.pci.Result.Bytes() >= po.pci.Goal.DesiredBytes) && time.Duration(mono.UnixNano()-po.pci.Result.StartTime) >= po.pci.Goal.Duration) {
 		po.pci.Result.EndTime = mono.UnixNano()
 		po.pci.Result.IsCompleted = true
 
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/playoutdelay.go b/pkg/sfu/playoutdelay.go
index 6f3ab3aad..5fb70b001 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/playoutdelay.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/playoutdelay.go
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ package sfu
 
 import (
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	pd "github.com/livekit/livekit-server/pkg/sfu/rtpextension/playoutdelay"
 	"github.com/livekit/livekit-server/pkg/sfu/rtpstats"
 	"github.com/livekit/protocol/logger"
+	"go.uber.org/atomic"
 	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
 )
 
diff --git a/pkg/sfu/streamallocator/streamallocator.go b/pkg/sfu/streamallocator/streamallocator.go
index 67adcf59d..7b8396c76 100644
--- a/pkg/sfu/streamallocator/streamallocator.go
+++ b/pkg/sfu/streamallocator/streamallocator.go
@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ func NewStreamAllocator(params StreamAllocatorParams, enabled bool, allowPause b
 			MinSize: 64,
 			Logger:  params.Logger,
 		}),
+		lastRTTTime: time.Now().Add(-cRTTPullInterval),
 	}
 
 	s.prober = ccutils.NewProber(ccutils.ProberParams{
@@ -700,6 +701,11 @@ func (s *StreamAllocator) handleSignalPeriodicPing(Event) {
 	// finalize any probe that may have finished/aborted
 	if pci, ok := s.probeController.MaybeFinalizeProbe(); ok {
 		isCongestionClearing, channelCapacity := s.params.BWE.ProbeClusterDone(pci)
+		s.params.Logger.Debugw(
+			"stream allocator: probe result",
+			"isCongestionClearing", isCongestionClearing,
+			"channelCapacity", channelCapacity,
+		)
 		if isCongestionClearing {
 			if channelCapacity > s.committedChannelCapacity {
 				s.committedChannelCapacity = channelCapacity
@@ -765,7 +771,6 @@ func (s *StreamAllocator) handleSignalPacerProbeObserverClusterComplete(event Ev
 	probeClusterId, _ := event.Data.(ccutils.ProbeClusterId)
 	pci := s.params.Pacer.EndProbeCluster(probeClusterId)
 	s.probeController.ProbeClusterDone(pci)
-	s.params.BWE.ProbeClusterDone(pci)
 }
 
 func (s *StreamAllocator) handleSignalResume(event Event) {
@@ -849,7 +854,7 @@ func (s *StreamAllocator) handleSignalCongestionStateChange(event Event) {
 	}
 
 	if cscd.congestionState == bwe.CongestionStateCongested {
-		if s.probeController.GetActiveProbeClusterId() == ccutils.ProbeClusterIdInvalid {
+		if s.probeController.GetActiveProbeClusterId() != ccutils.ProbeClusterIdInvalid {
 			s.params.Logger.Infow(
 				"stream allocator: channel congestion detected, not updating channel capacity in active probe",
 				"old(bps)", s.committedChannelCapacity,
diff --git a/pkg/utils/incrementaldispatcher_test.go b/pkg/utils/incrementaldispatcher_test.go
index 828019559..3e2d40edf 100644
--- a/pkg/utils/incrementaldispatcher_test.go
+++ b/pkg/utils/incrementaldispatcher_test.go
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ package utils_test
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"go.uber.org/atomic"
+
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/livekit/livekit-server/pkg/testutils"