From 019059444f5df660efe05667d8384285208b6686 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: epoberezkin <epoberezkin@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Aug 2026 18:07:27 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] deploy: caac5a61a984179a7447586949a2a4c8bc49c5d7

---
 crowdfunding-news/index.html | 571 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 571 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 crowdfunding-news/index.html
diff --git a/crowdfunding-news/index.html b/crowdfunding-news/index.html
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/crowdfunding-news/index.html
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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en"
+    
+        
+            dir="ltr"
+        
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+        
+    >
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="UTF-8">
+        <script>if (localStorage.getItem('theme') === 'dark' || (!localStorage.getItem('theme') && window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches)) document.documentElement.classList.add('dark')</script>
+
+        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+        <title>SimpleX Crowdfunding News</title>
+        <meta name="description" content="The news about SimpleX Chat equity crowdfunding on Wefunder."/>
+        <meta name="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/>
+        
+        <meta http-equiv="onion-location" content="http://isdb4l77sjqoy2qq7ipum6x3at6hyn3jmxfx4zdhc72ufbmuq4ilwkqd.onion/" />
+        <meta property="og:url" content="https://simplex.chat/" />
+        
+        <meta property="og:type" content="website"/>
+        <meta property="og:title" content="SimpleX Crowdfunding News"/>
+        <meta property="og:description" content="The news about SimpleX Chat equity crowdfunding on Wefunder."/>
+        <meta property="og:image" content="https://simplex.chat/img/share_simplex.jpg"/>
+        <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/>
+        <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="/img/favicon.ico"/>
+        <meta name="theme-color" content="#F3FAFF">
+
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/swiper-bundle.min.css">
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/blog.css">
+        <link href="/css/tailwind.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css">
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/design3-nav.css">
+        <script async defer src="https://buttons.github.io/buttons.js"></script>
+        <script src="/js/flag-anchor.js"></script>
+        
+    </head>
+    <body class="bg-[#F3FAFF] dark:bg-[#000832]">
+        
+
+
+    
+        
+    
+
+    
+
+    
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+    
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+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+    
+
+
+<header id="navbar">
+    <a href="/" class="logo logo-light ltr:mr-auto rtl:ml-auto"><img src="/img/new/logo-light.png" alt="logo"></a>
+    <a href="/" class="logo logo-dark ltr:mr-auto rtl:ml-auto"><img src="/img/new/logo-dark.png" alt="logo"></a>
+
+    <nav id="menu">
+        <ul>
+            <li class="nav-link ">
+                <a href="/">
+                    <span class="nav-link-text">Home</span>
+                </a>
+            </li>
+
+            <hr>
+
+            <li class="nav-link ">
+                <a href="/directory/">
+                    <span class="nav-link-text">Directory</span>
+                </a>
+            </li>
+
+            <!-- <hr>
+
+            <li class="nav-link send-file ">
+                <a href="/file/">
+                    <span class="nav-link-text">Send file</span>
+                </a>
+            </li>
+
+            <hr> -->
+
+            <li class="nav-link">
+                <a href="javascript:void(0);">
+                    <span class="">Guide</span>
+                    <span href="" id="btn-mobile">
+                        <svg viewBox="0 0 10 6" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+                            <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.50447 0.902966C1.21571 0.627397 0.747525 0.627397 0.458761 0.902966C0.169996 1.17853 0.169996 1.62532 0.458761 1.90089L4.21933 5.48961C4.25543 5.52406 4.29433 5.5542 4.33533 5.58003C4.62234 5.76088 5.01237 5.73074 5.26504 5.48961L9.02561 1.90089C9.31438 1.62532 9.31438 1.17853 9.02561 0.902966C8.73685 0.627397 8.26867 0.627397 7.97991 0.902966L4.74219 3.99273L1.50447 0.902966Z"/>
+                        </svg>
+                    </span>
+                </a>
+
+                <ul class="sub-menu">
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/readme.html" class="">Quick start</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/send-messages.html" class="">Sending messages</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/secret-groups.html" class="">Secret groups</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/chat-profiles.html" class="">Chat profiles</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/managing-data.html" class="">Managing data</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/audio-video-calls.html" class="">Audio & video Calls</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/privacy-security.html" class="">Privacy & security</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/app-settings.html" class="">App settings</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/guide/making-connections.html" class="">Making connections</a></li>
+                    
+                </ul>
+            </li>
+
+            <hr>
+
+            <li class="nav-link">
+                <a href="javascript:void(0);">
+                    <span class="">Reference</span>
+                    <span href="" id="btn-mobile">
+                        <svg viewBox="0 0 10 6" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+                            <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.50447 0.902966C1.21571 0.627397 0.747525 0.627397 0.458761 0.902966C0.169996 1.17853 0.169996 1.62532 0.458761 1.90089L4.21933 5.48961C4.25543 5.52406 4.29433 5.5542 4.33533 5.58003C4.62234 5.76088 5.01237 5.73074 5.26504 5.48961L9.02561 1.90089C9.31438 1.62532 9.31438 1.17853 9.02561 0.902966C8.73685 0.627397 8.26867 0.627397 7.97991 0.902966L4.74219 3.99273L1.50447 0.902966Z"/>
+                        </svg>
+                    </span>
+                </a>
+
+                <ul class="sub-menu">
+                    <li><a href="https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplexmq/blob/stable/protocol/overview-tjr.md"
+                        target="_blank">Whitepaper
+                        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg>
+                    </a></li>
+                    <li><a href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li>
+                    <li><a href="https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplexmq/blob/stable/protocol/simplex-messaging.md"
+                        target="_blank">SMP protocol
+                        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg>
+                    </a></li>
+                    <li><a href="/docs/protocol/simplex-chat.html">Chat protocol</a></li>
+                    <li><a href="/docs/glossary.html">Glossary</a></li>
+
+                    <hr>
+
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/simplex.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">SimpleX network</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/business.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">SimpleX for business</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/directory.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">SimpleX Directory</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/android.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Accessing Android files</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/server.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Host SMP Server</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/xftp-server.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Host XFTP Server</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/chat-relay.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Host Chat Relay</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/docs/webrtc.html" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">WebRTC servers</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/downloads/" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Downloads</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/reproduce/" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Verify & reproduce builds</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/transparency/" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Transparency</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/security/" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">Security</a></li>
+                    
+                        <li><a href="/faq/" class=" lg:px-[20px] inline-block whitespace-nowrap">FAQ</a></li>
+                    
+
+                    <hr>
+
+                    <li><a href="/docs/translations.html"
+                    >Translate SimpleX Chat
+                    </a></li>
+                    <li><a href="/docs/android.html"
+                    >Accessing Android files
+                    </a></li>
+                    <li><a href="https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/blob/stable/apps/simplex-bot-advanced/Main.hs"
+                        target="_blank">Chat bot example
+                        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg>
+                    </a></li>
+                    <li><a href="https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplex-chat/tree/stable/packages/simplex-chat-client/typescript"
+                        target="_blank">TypeScript SDK
+                        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg>
+                    </a></li>
+                    <li><a href="/docs/cli.html">Terminal CLI</a></li>
+                    <li><a href="https://github.com/simplex-chat/simplexmq"
+                        target="_blank">SimpleXMQ
+                        <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg>
+                    </a></li>
+                </ul>
+            </li>
+
+            <hr>
+
+            <li class="nav-link ">
+                <a href="/links">
+                    <span class="nav-link-text">Community</span>
+                </a>
+            </li>
+
+            <li class="nav-link ">
+                <a href="/blog">
+                    <span class="nav-link-text">Blog</span>
+                </a>
+            </li>
+        </ul>
+    </nav>
+
+    <div class="right-links">
+        
+            <a class="box-btn token md:hidden" href="/donate">
+                Donate
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+        <html><head></head><body><div data-simplex-channel-preview="" data-channel-link="https://smp10.simplex.im/c#q09nMBmWFGz1m2TvgfZFaEOG5D2a7Ma9mSkl6pHXEsg" data-channel-id="JDGvcD7DI4q8LPH1gGpG2MVHj6wdrETfbhl0ARVYJYI=" data-relay-domains="relay2.simplex.chat,relay3.simplex.chat" data-app-download-buttons="off" data-color-scheme="site" data-top-offset="54"></div>
+<script src="/js/channel-preview.js"></script>
+<div id="address-portability" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Address portability</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Similarly to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_number_portability">phone number portability</a> (the ability of the customer to transfer the service to another provider without changing the number), the address portability means the ability of a communication service customer to change the service provider without changing the service address. Many <a href="#federated-network">federated networks</a> support SRV records to provide address portability, but allowing service users to set up their own domains for the addresses is not as commonly supported by the available server and client software as for email.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="federated-network" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Federated network</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Federated network is provided by several entities that agree upon the standards and operate the network collectively. This allows the users to choose their provider, that will hold their account, their messaging history and contacts, and communicate with other providers' servers on behalf of the user. The examples are email, XMPP, Matrix and Mastodon.</p><p>The advantage of that design is that there is no single organization that all users depend on, and the standards are more difficult to change, unless it benefits all users. There are several disadvantages: 1) the innovation is slower, 2) each user account still depends on a single organization, and in most cases can't move to another provider without changing their network address – there is no <a href="#address-portability">address portability</a>, 3) the security and privacy are inevitably worse than with the centralized networks.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_(information_technology)">Federation on Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="anonymous-credentials" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Anonymous credentials</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The credential that allows proving something, e.g. the right to access some resource, without identifying the user. This credential can either be generated by a trusted party or by the user themselves and provided together with the request to create the resource. The first approach creates some centralized dependency in most cases. The second approach does not require any trust - this is used in SimpleX network to authorize access to the messaging queues.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_credential">Digital credential on Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="blockchain" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Blockchain</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>In a wide sense, blockchain means a sequence of blocks of data, where each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, thus providing integrity to the whole chain. Blockchains are used in many communication and information storage systems to provide integrity and immutability of the data. For example, BluRay disks use blockchain. SimpleX messaging queues also use blockchain - each message includes the hash of the previous message, to ensure the integrity – if any message is modified it will be detected by the recipient when the next message is received. Blockchains are a subset of <a href="#merkle-directed-acyclic-graph">Merkle directed acyclic graphs</a>.</p><p>In a more narrow sense, particularly in media, blockchain is used to refer specifically to distributed ledger, where each record also includes the hash of the previous record, but the blocks have to be agreed by the participating peers using some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science)">consensus protocol</a>.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="merkle-directed-acyclic-graph" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Merkle directed acyclic graph</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Also known as Merkle DAG, a data structure based on a general graph structure where node contains the cryptographic hashes of the previous nodes that point to it. Merkle trees are a subset of Merkle DAGs - in this case each leaf contains a cryptographic hash of the parent.</p><p>This structure by design allows to verify the integrity of the whole structure by computing its hashes and comparing with the hashes included in the nodes, in the same way as with <a href="#blockchain">blockchain</a>.</p><p>The motivation to use DAG in distributed environments instead of a simpler linear blockchain is to allow concurrent additions, when there is no requirement for a single order of added items. Merkle DAG is used, for example, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System">IPFS</a> and will be used in decentralized SimpleX groups.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree">Wikipedia</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="break-in-recovery" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Break-in recovery</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The quality of the end-to-end encryption scheme allowing to recover security against a passive attacker who observes encrypted messages after compromising one (or both) of the parties. Also known as recovery from compromise or break-in recovery. <a href="#double-ratchet-algorithm">Double-ratchet algorithm</a> has this quality.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="double-ratchet-algorithm" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Double ratchet algorithm</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>It is used by two parties to exchange <a href="#end-to-end-encryption">end-to-end encrypted</a> messages. The parties will use some <a href="#key-agreement-protocol">key agreement protocol</a> to agree on the initial shared secret key.</p><p>Double Ratchet algorithm provides <a href="#forward-secrecy">perfect forward secrecy</a> and <a href="#post-compromise-security">post-compromise security</a>. It is <a href="https://signal.org/docs/specifications/doubleratchet">designed by Signal</a>, and used in SimpleX Chat and many other secure messengers. Most experts consider it the state-of-the-art encryption protocol in message encryption.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="centralized-network" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Centralized network</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Centralized networks are provided or controlled by a single entity. The examples are Threema, Signal, WhatsApp and Telegram. The advantage of that design is that the provider can innovate faster, and has a centralized approach to security. But the disadvantage is that the provider can change or discontinue the service, and leak, sell or disclose in some other way all users' data, including who they are connected with.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="content-padding" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Content padding</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Also known as content padding, it is the process of adding data to the beginning or the end of a message prior to encryption. Padding conceals the actual message size from any eavesdroppers. SimpleX has several encryption layers, and prior to each encryption the content is padded to a fixed size.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding_(cryptography)">Wikipedia</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="decentralized-network" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Decentralized network</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Decentralized network is often used to mean "the network based on decentralized blockchain". In its original meaning, decentralized network means that there is no central authority or any other point of centralization in the network, other than network protocols specification. The advantage of decentralized networks is that they are resilient to censorship and to the provider going out of business. The disadvantage is that they are often slower to innovate, and the security may be worse than with the centralized network.</p><p>The examples of decentralized networks are email, web, DNS, XMPP, Matrix, BitTorrent, etc. All these examples have a shared global application-level address space. Cryptocurrency blockchains not only have a shared address space, but also a shared state, so they are more centralized than email. Tor network also has a shared global address space, but also a central authority. SimpleX network does not have a shared application-level address space (it relies on the shared transport-level addresses - SMP relay hostnames or IP addresses), and it does not have any central authority or any shared state.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="defense-in-depth" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Defense in depth</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Originally, it is a military strategy that seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker, buying time and causing additional casualties by yielding space.</p><p>In information security, defense in depth represents the use of multiple computer security techniques to help mitigate the risk of one component of the defense being compromised or circumvented. An example could be anti-virus software installed on individual workstations when there is already virus protection on the firewalls and servers within the same environment.</p><p>SimpleX network applies defense in depth approach to security by having multiple layers for the communication security and privacy:</p><ul>
+<li>double ratchet algorithm for <a href="#end-to-end-encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> with <a href="#forward-secrecy">perfect forward secrecy</a> and <a href="#post-compromise-security">post-compromise security</a>,</li>
+<li>additional layer of end-to-end encryption for each messaging queue and another encryption layer of encryption from the server to the recipient inside TLS to prevent correlation by ciphertext,</li>
+<li>TLS with only strong ciphers allowed,</li>
+<li>mitigation of <a href="#man-in-the-middle-attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> on client-server connection via server offline certificate verification,</li>
+<li>mitigation of replay attacks via signing over transport channel binding,</li>
+<li>multiple layers of <a href="#message-padding">message padding</a> to reduce efficiency of traffic analysis,</li>
+<li>mitigation of <a href="#man-in-the-middle-attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> on client-client out-of-band channel when sending the invitation,</li>
+<li>rotation of delivery queues to reduce efficiency of traffic analysis,</li>
+<li>etc.</li>
+</ul><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_in_depth">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="end-to-end-encryption" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">End-to-end encryption</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>A communication system where only the communicating parties can read the messages. It is designed to protect message content from any potential eavesdroppers – telecom and Internet providers, malicious actors, and also the provider of the communication service.</p><p>End-to-end encryption requires agreeing cryptographic keys between the sender and the recipient in a way that no eavesdroppers can access the agreed keys. See <a href="#key-agreement-protocol">key agreement protocol</a>. This key exchange can be compromised via <a href="#man-in-the-middle-attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>, particularly if key exchange happens via the same communication provider and no out-of-band channel is used to verify key exchange.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_encryption">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="forward-secrecy" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Forward secrecy</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Also known as perfect forward secrecy, it is a feature of a <a href="#key-agreement-protocol">key agreement protocol</a> that ensures that session keys will not be compromised even if long-term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised. Forward secrecy protects past sessions against future compromises of session or long-term keys.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="post-compromise-security" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Post-compromise security</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The quality of the end-to-end encryption scheme allowing to recover security against a passive attacker who observes encrypted messages after compromising one (or both) of the parties. Also known as recovery from compromise or break-in recovery. <a href="#double-ratchet-algorithm">Double-ratchet algorithm</a> has this quality.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="man-in-the-middle-attack" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Man-in-the-middle attack</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The attack when the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other.</p><p>This attack can be used to compromise <a href="#end-to-end-encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> by intercepting public keys during <a href="#key-agreement-protocol">key exchange</a>, substituting them with the attacker's keys, and then intercepting and re-encrypting all messages, without altering their content. With this attack, while the attacker does not change message content, but she can read the messages, while the communicating parties believe the messages are end-to-end encrypted.</p><p>Such attack is possible with any system that uses the same channel for key exchange as used to send messages - it includes almost all communication systems except SimpleX, where the initial public key is always passed out-of-band. Even with SimpleX, the attacker may intercept and substitute the key sent via another channel, gaining access to communication. This risk is substantially lower, as attacker does not know in advance which channel will be used to pass the key.</p><p>To mitigate such attack the communicating parties must verify the integrity of key exchange - SimpleX and many other messaging apps, e.g. Signal and WhatsApp, have the feature that allows it.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack">Wikipedia</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="message-padding" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Message padding</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Also known as content padding, it is the process of adding data to the beginning or the end of a message prior to encryption. Padding conceals the actual message size from any eavesdroppers. SimpleX has several encryption layers, and prior to each encryption the content is padded to a fixed size.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding_(cryptography)">Wikipedia</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="key-agreement-protocol" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Key agreement protocol</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Also known as key exchange, it is a process of agreeing cryptographic keys between the sender and the recipient(s) of the message. It is required for <a href="#end-to-end-encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> to work. Unless it is possible to secure the key exchange via <a href="#2-factor-key-exchange">some second factor</a>, e.g. security code verification, it can be vulnerable to <a href="#man-in-the-middle-attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key-agreement_protocol">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="key-exchange" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Key exchange</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Also known as key exchange, it is a process of agreeing cryptographic keys between the sender and the recipient(s) of the message. It is required for <a href="#end-to-end-encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> to work. Unless it is possible to secure the key exchange via <a href="#2-factor-key-exchange">some second factor</a>, e.g. security code verification, it can be vulnerable to <a href="#man-in-the-middle-attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key-agreement_protocol">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="mitm-attack" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">MITM attack</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The attack when the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other.</p><p>This attack can be used to compromise <a href="#end-to-end-encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> by intercepting public keys during <a href="#key-agreement-protocol">key exchange</a>, substituting them with the attacker's keys, and then intercepting and re-encrypting all messages, without altering their content. With this attack, while the attacker does not change message content, but she can read the messages, while the communicating parties believe the messages are end-to-end encrypted.</p><p>Such attack is possible with any system that uses the same channel for key exchange as used to send messages - it includes almost all communication systems except SimpleX, where the initial public key is always passed out-of-band. Even with SimpleX, the attacker may intercept and substitute the key sent via another channel, gaining access to communication. This risk is substantially lower, as attacker does not know in advance which channel will be used to pass the key.</p><p>To mitigate such attack the communicating parties must verify the integrity of key exchange - SimpleX and many other messaging apps, e.g. Signal and WhatsApp, have the feature that allows it.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack">Wikipedia</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="non-repudiation" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Non-repudiation</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The property of the cryptographic or communication system that allows the recipient of the message to prove to any third party that the sender identified by some cryptographic key sent the message. It is the opposite to <a href="#repudiation">repudiation</a>. While in some context non-repudiation may be desirable (e.g., for contractually binding messages), in the context of private communications it may be undesirable.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiation">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="repudiation" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Repudiation</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The property of the cryptographic or communication system that allows the sender of the message to plausibly deny having sent the message, because while the recipient can verify that the message was sent by the sender, they cannot prove it to any third party - the recipient has a technical ability to forge the same encrypted message. This is an important quality of private communications, as it allows to have the conversation that can later be denied, similarly to having a private face-to-face conversation.</p><p>See also <a href="#non-repudiation">non-repudiation</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="onion-routing" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Onion routing</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>A technique for anonymous communication over a computer network that uses multiple layers of message encryption, analogous to the layers of an onion. The encrypted data is transmitted through a series of network nodes called "onion routers," each of which "peels" away a single layer, revealing the data's next destination. The sender remains anonymous because each intermediary knows only the location of the immediately preceding and following nodes.</p><p>The most widely used onion network is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(network)">Tor</a>.</p><p>Some elements of SimpleX network use similar ideas in their design - different addresses for the same resource used by different parties, and additional encryption layers. Currently though, SimpleX messaging protocol does not protect sender network address, as the relay server is chosen by the recipient. The delivery relays chosen by sender that are planned for the future would make SimpleX design closer to onion routing.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="overlay-network" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Overlay network</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Nodes in the overlay network can be thought of as being connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. Tor, for example, is an overlay network on top of IP network, which in its turn is also an overlay network over some underlying physical network.</p><p>SimpleX Clients also form a network using SMP relays and IP or some other overlay network (e.g., Tor), to communicate with each other. SMP relays, on another hand, do not form a network.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlay_network">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="pairwise-pseudonymous-identifier" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Pairwise pseudonymous identifier</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Generalizing <a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/pairwise_pseudonymous_identifier">the definition</a> from NIST Digital Identity Guidelines, it is an opaque unguessable identifier generated by a service used to access a resource by only one party.</p><p>In the context of SimpleX network, these are the identifiers generated by SMP relays to access anonymous messaging queues, with a separate identifier (and access credential) for each accessing party: recipient, sender and an optional notifications subscriber. The same approach is used by XFTP relays to access file chunks, with separate identifiers (and access credentials) for sender and each recipient.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="peer-to-peer" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Peer-to-peer</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Peer-to-peer (P2P) is the network architecture when participants have equal rights and communicate directly via a general purpose transport or overlay network. Unlike client-server architecture, all peers in a P2P network both provide and consume the resources. In the context of messaging, P2P architecture usually means that the messages are sent between peers, without user accounts or messages being stored on any servers. Examples are Tox, Briar, Cwtch and many others.</p><p>The advantage is that the participants do not depend on any servers. There are <a href="/docs/simplex.html#comparison-with-p2p-messaging-protocols">multiple downsides</a> to that architecture, such as no asynchronous message delivery, the need for network-wide peer addresses, possibility of network-wide attacks, that are usually mitigated only by using a centralized authority. These disadvantages are avoided with <a href="#proxied-peer-to-peer">proxied P2P</a> architecture.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer">Wikipedia</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="proxied-peer-to-peer" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Proxied peer-to-peer</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Network topology of the communication system when peers communicate via proxies that do not form the network themselves. Such design is used in Pond, that has a fixed home server for each user, and in SimpleX, that uses multiple relays providing temporary connections.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="perfect-forward-secrecy" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Perfect forward secrecy</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Also known as perfect forward secrecy, it is a feature of a <a href="#key-agreement-protocol">key agreement protocol</a> that ensures that session keys will not be compromised even if long-term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised. Forward secrecy protects past sessions against future compromises of session or long-term keys.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="post-quantum-cryptography" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Post-quantum cryptography</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Any of the proposed cryptographic systems or algorithms that are thought to be secure against an attack by a quantum computer. It appears that as of 2025 there is no system or algorithm that is <em>proven</em> to be secure against such attacks, or even to be secure against attacks by massively parallel conventional computers, so a general recommendation is to use post-quantum hybrid cryptography - combining post-quantum and traditional algorithms.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="post-quantum-hybrid-crypto" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Post-quantum hybrid crypto</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>Any of the proposed cryptographic systems or algorithms that are thought to be secure against an attack by a quantum computer. It appears that as of 2025 there is no system or algorithm that is <em>proven</em> to be secure against such attacks, or even to be secure against attacks by massively parallel conventional computers, so a general recommendation is to use post-quantum hybrid cryptography - combining post-quantum and traditional algorithms.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography">Wikipedia</a></p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="recovery-from-compromise" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">Recovery from compromise</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>The quality of the end-to-end encryption scheme allowing to recover security against a passive attacker who observes encrypted messages after compromising one (or both) of the parties. Also known as recovery from compromise or break-in recovery. <a href="#double-ratchet-algorithm">Double-ratchet algorithm</a> has this quality.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div><div id="user-identity" class="overlay glossary-overlay hidden"><div class="overlay-card"><h1 class="overlay-title">User identity</h1><div class="overlay-content"><p>In a communication system it refers to anything that uniquely identifies the users to the network. Depending on the communication network, it can be a phone number, email address, username, public key or a random opaque identifier. Most messaging networks rely on some form of user identity. SimpleX appears to be the only messaging network that does not rely on any kind of user identity - see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols">this comparison</a>.</p></div><svg class="close-overlay-btn" id="cross" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 13 13" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12.7973 11.5525L7.59762 6.49833L12.7947 1.44675C13.055 1.19371 13.0658 0.771991 12.8188 0.505331C12.5718 0.238674 12.1602 0.227644 11.8999 0.480681L6.65343 5.58028L1.09979 0.182228C0.805 0.002228 0.430001 0.002228 0.135211 0.182228C-0.159579 0.362228 -0.159579 0.697228 0.135211 0.877228L5.68885 6.27528L0.4918 11.3295C0.231501 11.5825 0.220703 12.0042 0.467664 12.2709C0.714625 12.5376 1.12625 12.5486 1.38655 12.2956L6.63302 7.196L12.1867 12.5941C12.4815 12.7741 12.8565 12.7741 13.1513 12.5941C13.4461 12.4141 13.4461 12.0791 13.1513 11.8991L12.7973 11.5525Z"></path></svg></div></div></body></html>
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