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<main>
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<h1 id="using-postgres"><a class="header" href="#using-postgres">Using Postgres</a></h1>
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<p>The minimum supported version of PostgreSQL is determined by the <a href="deprecation_policy.html">Dependency
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Deprecation Policy</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="install-postgres-client-libraries"><a class="header" href="#install-postgres-client-libraries">Install postgres client libraries</a></h2>
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<p>Synapse will require the python postgres client library in order to
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connect to a postgres database.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>If you are using the <a href="setup/installation.html#matrixorg-packages">matrix.org debian/ubuntu
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packages</a>, the necessary python
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library will already be installed, but you will need to ensure the
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low-level postgres library is installed, which you can do with
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<code>apt install libpq5</code>.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>For other pre-built packages, please consult the documentation from
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the relevant package.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>If you installed synapse <a href="setup/installation.html#installing-as-a-python-module-from-pypi">in a
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virtualenv</a>, you can install
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the library with:</p>
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<pre><code>~/synapse/env/bin/pip install "matrix-synapse[postgres]"
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</code></pre>
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<p>(substituting the path to your virtualenv for <code>~/synapse/env</code>, if
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you used a different path). You will require the postgres
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development files. These are in the <code>libpq-dev</code> package on
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Debian-derived distributions.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="set-up-database"><a class="header" href="#set-up-database">Set up database</a></h2>
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<p>Assuming your PostgreSQL database user is called <code>postgres</code>, first authenticate as the database user with:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sh">su - postgres
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# Or, if your system uses sudo to get administrative rights
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sudo -u postgres bash
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</code></pre>
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<p>Then, create a postgres user and a database with:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-sh"># this will prompt for a password for the new user
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createuser --pwprompt synapse_user
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createdb --encoding=UTF8 --locale=C --template=template0 --owner=synapse_user synapse
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</code></pre>
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<p>The above will create a user called <code>synapse_user</code>, and a database called
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<code>synapse</code>.</p>
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<p>Note that the PostgreSQL database <em>must</em> have the correct encoding set
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(as shown above), otherwise it will not be able to store UTF8 strings.</p>
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<p>You may need to enable password authentication so <code>synapse_user</code> can
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connect to the database. See
|
||
<a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html">https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html</a>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="synapse-config"><a class="header" href="#synapse-config">Synapse config</a></h2>
|
||
<p>When you are ready to start using PostgreSQL, edit the <code>database</code>
|
||
section in your config file to match the following lines:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-yaml">database:
|
||
name: psycopg2
|
||
args:
|
||
user: <user>
|
||
password: <pass>
|
||
dbname: <db>
|
||
host: <host>
|
||
cp_min: 5
|
||
cp_max: 10
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>All key, values in <code>args</code> are passed to the <code>psycopg2.connect(..)</code>
|
||
function, except keys beginning with <code>cp_</code>, which are consumed by the
|
||
twisted adbapi connection pool. See the <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PARAMKEYWORDS">libpq
|
||
documentation</a>
|
||
for a list of options which can be passed.</p>
|
||
<p>You should consider tuning the <code>args.keepalives_*</code> options if there is any danger of
|
||
the connection between your homeserver and database dropping, otherwise Synapse
|
||
may block for an extended period while it waits for a response from the
|
||
database server. Example values might be:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-yaml">database:
|
||
args:
|
||
# ... as above
|
||
|
||
# seconds of inactivity after which TCP should send a keepalive message to the server
|
||
keepalives_idle: 10
|
||
|
||
# the number of seconds after which a TCP keepalive message that is not
|
||
# acknowledged by the server should be retransmitted
|
||
keepalives_interval: 10
|
||
|
||
# the number of TCP keepalives that can be lost before the client's connection
|
||
# to the server is considered dead
|
||
keepalives_count: 3
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="postgresql-major-version-upgrades"><a class="header" href="#postgresql-major-version-upgrades">Postgresql major version upgrades</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Postgres uses separate directories for database locations between major versions (typically <code>/var/lib/postgresql/<version>/main</code>).</p>
|
||
<p>Therefore, it is recommended to stop Synapse and other services (MAS, etc) before upgrading Postgres major versions.</p>
|
||
<p>It is also strongly recommended to <a href="./usage/administration/backups.html#database">back up</a> your database beforehand to ensure no data loss arising from a failed upgrade.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="backups"><a class="header" href="#backups">Backups</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Don’t forget to <a href="./usage/administration/backups.html#database">back up</a> your database!</p>
|
||
<h2 id="tuning-postgres"><a class="header" href="#tuning-postgres">Tuning Postgres</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The default settings should be fine for most deployments. For larger
|
||
scale deployments tuning some of the settings is recommended, details of
|
||
which can be found at
|
||
<a href="https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Tuning_Your_PostgreSQL_Server">https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Tuning_Your_PostgreSQL_Server</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>In particular, we’ve found tuning the following values helpful for
|
||
performance:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>shared_buffers</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>effective_cache_size</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>work_mem</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>maintenance_work_mem</code></li>
|
||
<li><code>autovacuum_work_mem</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Note that the appropriate values for those fields depend on the amount
|
||
of free memory the database host has available.</p>
|
||
<p>Additionally, admins of large deployments might want to consider using huge pages
|
||
to help manage memory, especially when using large values of <code>shared_buffers</code>. You
|
||
can read more about that <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/kernel-resources.html#LINUX-HUGE-PAGES">here</a>.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="porting-from-sqlite"><a class="header" href="#porting-from-sqlite">Porting from SQLite</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="overview"><a class="header" href="#overview">Overview</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The script <code>synapse_port_db</code> allows porting an existing synapse server
|
||
backed by SQLite to using PostgreSQL. This is done as a two phase
|
||
process:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Copy the existing SQLite database to a separate location and run
|
||
the port script against that offline database.</li>
|
||
<li>Shut down the server. Rerun the port script to port any data that
|
||
has come in since taking the first snapshot. Restart server against
|
||
the PostgreSQL database.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>The port script is designed to be run repeatedly against newer snapshots
|
||
of the SQLite database file. This makes it safe to repeat step 1 if
|
||
there was a delay between taking the previous snapshot and being ready
|
||
to do step 2.</p>
|
||
<p>It is safe to at any time kill the port script and restart it.</p>
|
||
<p>However, under no circumstances should the SQLite database be <code>VACUUM</code>ed between
|
||
multiple runs of the script. Doing so can lead to an inconsistent copy of your database
|
||
into Postgres.
|
||
To avoid accidental error, the script will check that SQLite’s <code>auto_vacuum</code> mechanism
|
||
is disabled, but the script is not able to protect against a manual <code>VACUUM</code> operation
|
||
performed either by the administrator or by any automated task that the administrator
|
||
may have configured.</p>
|
||
<p>Note that the database may take up significantly more (25% - 100% more)
|
||
space on disk after porting to Postgres.</p>
|
||
<h3 id="using-the-port-script"><a class="header" href="#using-the-port-script">Using the port script</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Firstly, shut down the currently running synapse server and copy its
|
||
database file (typically <code>homeserver.db</code>) to another location. Once the
|
||
copy is complete, restart synapse. For instance:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-sh">synctl stop
|
||
cp homeserver.db homeserver.db.snapshot
|
||
synctl start
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Copy the old config file into a new config file:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-sh">cp homeserver.yaml homeserver-postgres.yaml
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Edit the database section as described in the section <em>Synapse config</em>
|
||
above and with the SQLite snapshot located at <code>homeserver.db.snapshot</code>
|
||
simply run:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-sh">synapse_port_db --sqlite-database homeserver.db.snapshot \
|
||
--postgres-config homeserver-postgres.yaml
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>The flag <code>--curses</code> displays a coloured curses progress UI. (NOTE: if your terminal is too small the script will error out)</p>
|
||
<p>If the script took a long time to complete, or time has otherwise passed
|
||
since the original snapshot was taken, repeat the previous steps with a
|
||
newer snapshot.</p>
|
||
<p>To complete the conversion shut down the synapse server and run the port
|
||
script one last time, e.g. if the SQLite database is at <code>homeserver.db</code>
|
||
run:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-sh">synapse_port_db --sqlite-database homeserver.db \
|
||
--postgres-config homeserver-postgres.yaml
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Once that has completed, change the synapse config to point at the
|
||
PostgreSQL database configuration file <code>homeserver-postgres.yaml</code>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-sh">synctl stop
|
||
mv homeserver.yaml homeserver-old-sqlite.yaml
|
||
mv homeserver-postgres.yaml homeserver.yaml
|
||
synctl start
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>Synapse should now be running against PostgreSQL.</p>
|
||
<h2 id="troubleshooting"><a class="header" href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></h2>
|
||
<h3 id="alternative-auth-methods"><a class="header" href="#alternative-auth-methods">Alternative auth methods</a></h3>
|
||
<p>If you get an error along the lines of <code>FATAL: Ident authentication failed for user "synapse_user"</code>, you may need to use an authentication method other than
|
||
<code>ident</code>:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>If the <code>synapse_user</code> user has a password, add the password to the <code>database:</code>
|
||
section of <code>homeserver.yaml</code>. Then add the following to <code>pg_hba.conf</code>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>host synapse synapse_user ::1/128 md5 # or `scram-sha-256` instead of `md5` if you use that
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<p>If the <code>synapse_user</code> user does not have a password, then a password doesn’t
|
||
have to be added to <code>homeserver.yaml</code>. But the following does need to be added
|
||
to <code>pg_hba.conf</code>:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>host synapse synapse_user ::1/128 trust
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Note that line order matters in <code>pg_hba.conf</code>, so make sure that if you do add a
|
||
new line, it is inserted before:</p>
|
||
<pre><code>host all all ::1/128 ident
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<h3 id="fixing-incorrect-collate-or-ctype"><a class="header" href="#fixing-incorrect-collate-or-ctype">Fixing incorrect <code>COLLATE</code> or <code>CTYPE</code></a></h3>
|
||
<p>Synapse will refuse to start when using a database with incorrect values of
|
||
<code>COLLATE</code> and <code>CTYPE</code> unless the config flag <code>allow_unsafe_locale</code>, found in the
|
||
<code>database</code> section of the config, is set to true. Using different locales can
|
||
cause issues if the locale library is updated from underneath the database, or
|
||
if a different version of the locale is used on any replicas.</p>
|
||
<p>If you have a database with an unsafe locale, the safest way to fix the issue is to dump the database and recreate it with
|
||
the correct locale parameter (as shown above). It is also possible to change the
|
||
parameters on a live database and run a <code>REINDEX</code> on the entire database,
|
||
however extreme care must be taken to avoid database corruption.</p>
|
||
<p>Note that the above may fail with an error about duplicate rows if corruption
|
||
has already occurred, and such duplicate rows will need to be manually removed.</p>
|
||
|
||
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