MeshCore Beacon

MeshCore Beacon is a MeshCore network observation backend. It connects to one or more MeshCore MQTT brokers, ingests LoRa packet traffic in real time, stores it in PostgreSQL, and streams live events to WebSocket clients.

What it does

• Subscribes to MeshCore MQTT brokers and decodes incoming LoRa packets using meshcore-go
• Stores packets, observations, nodes, observers, and channel messages in PostgreSQL
• Deduplicates observations across multiple brokers (same packet heard by two brokers is one observation per observer)
• Decrypts group text messages for known channel keys
• Detects firmware capability flags from path hash sizes
• Streams live events to WebSocket clients with subscription filtering by IATA, region, payload type, and event type
• Serves a REST API for querying stored data
• Seeds regions, IATA display names, and channel keys from a YAML config file on startup

For deployment instructions including the frontend app, see the deployment docs.

---

Stack

Component	Technology
Language	Go 1.26
Router	Chi v5
Database	PostgreSQL 16
DB queries	sqlc + pgx/v5
MQTT	paho.mqtt.golang
WebSocket	coder/websocket
Packet decode	meshcore-go
Config	YAML via gopkg.in/yaml.v3
Env	godotenv

---

Project layout

beacon-server/
├── cmd/beacon/              entry point
├── db/
│   ├── migrations/         SQL schema (001_schema.sql)
│   ├── queries/            sqlc query definitions
│   ├── sqlc/               generated Go DB code (do not edit)
│   ├── store.go            Store type, shared helpers
│   ├── packets.go          packet and observation store methods
│   ├── nodes.go            node store methods
│   ├── observers.go        observer store methods
│   ├── channels.go         channel and message store methods
│   ├── stats.go            stats and materialized view methods
│   ├── config.go           IATA and region store methods
│   └── scopes.go           transport scope store methods
├── internal/
│   ├── api/
│   │   ├── handlers/       HTTP route handlers
│   │   ├── middleware/      Auth middleware stub
│   │   ├── router/         Chi router wiring
│   │   ├── reader.go       Reader interface and Page type
│   │   ├── packets.go      packet response types and helpers
│   │   ├── nodes.go        node response types and helpers
│   │   ├── observers.go    observer response types
│   │   ├── channels.go     channel and message response types
│   │   ├── stats.go        stats response types
│   │   ├── iata.go         IATA response type
│   │   └── regions.go      region response types
│   ├── config/             config file loading and DB seeding
│   ├── hub/                WebSocket fan-out broker
│   ├── ingest/
│   │   ├── ingest.go       Worker, DB interface, MQTT connection
│   │   ├── packet.go       packet pipeline, payload parsing
│   │   ├── status.go       status message handling
│   │   ├── side_effects.go payload-type side effects (node upsert, channel messages)
│   │   └── capability.go   firmware capability detection
│   ├── iatadb/             static IATA → country/continent map (generated)
│   ├── keystore/           channel key store
│   ├── scopestore/         transport scope key store
│   └── ws/                 WebSocket handler and IP limiter
├── config.yaml.example
├── env.example
├── docker-compose.yml
└── sqlc.yaml

---

Getting started

Prerequisites

• Go 1.26+
• Docker and Docker Compose
• sqlc (only needed if modifying queries)

1. Clone and configure

git clone https://github.com/MeshCore-Beacon/beacon-server.git
cd beacon-server
cp env.example .env
cp config.yaml.example config.yaml

Edit .env with your broker credentials and database DSN. Edit config.yaml to define your regions, IATA display names, channel keys, and retention settings.

2. Start PostgreSQL

docker compose up postgres -d

The schema in db/migrations/001_schema.sql is applied automatically on first start via docker-entrypoint-initdb.d.

3. Run

go run ./cmd/beacon

Beacon will:

• Load .env and config.yaml
• Connect to PostgreSQL and seed config data
• Connect to the configured MQTT brokers
• Start the HTTP server on LISTEN_ADDR (default :8080)

---

Configuration

Environment variables (.env)

Variable	Default	Description
LISTEN_ADDR	:8080	HTTP listen address
POSTGRES_DSN	—	PostgreSQL connection string
CONFIG_PATH	config.yaml	Path to YAML config file
MQTT_BROKER_1_URL	—	Broker 1 WebSocket URL (e.g. wss://mqtt1.example.com:443)
MQTT_BROKER_1_USERNAME	—	Broker 1 username
MQTT_BROKER_1_PASSWORD	—	Broker 1 password
MQTT_BROKER_2_URL	—	Broker 2 WebSocket URL
MQTT_BROKER_2_USERNAME	—	Broker 2 username
MQTT_BROKER_2_PASSWORD	—	Broker 2 password

Config file (config.yaml)

# Optional IATA overrides — auto-created on first packet arrival,
# only needed if you want to customise display name or coordinates.
iatas:
  YVR:
    name: Vancouver International
    lat: 49.1967
    lng: -123.1815

# Super-regions grouping multiple IATAs.
regions:
  - slug: western-canada
    name: Western Canada
    display_order: 1
    center_lat: 51.0
    center_lng: -114.0
    zoom_level: 5
    iatas: [YVR, YYJ, YYC, YEG]

# Channel keys for decrypting group messages.
channel_keys:
  # Hashtag channels: Beacon derives the PSK from the tag name automatically.
  # secret = SHA256("#tag")[:16], channel_hash = SHA256(secret)[0]
  # Tag names should be provided without the # prefix.
  hashtags:
    - meshcore

  # Explicit keys: channel hash (hex) and key (hex), with optional display name.
  # The public MeshCore channel key is included in config.yaml.example.
  keys:
    "11":
      key: "8b3387e9c5cdea6ac9e5edbaa115cd72"
      name: "Public"

# Regional transport scopes for matching TRANSPORT_FLOOD packets.
# Plain names have # prepended automatically (e.g. "bc" → "#bc").
scopes:
  - name: bc
  - name: "#west"

# Observer telemetry storage settings.
telemetry:
  retention: 672h # how long to keep telemetry snapshots (default: 4 weeks)
  resolution: 1h # snapshot frequency per observer; duplicates within window are dropped (default: 1h)

# Packet and observation retention.
packets:
  retention: 720h # how long to keep packets and observations (default: 30 days)

# WebSocket settings.
websocket:
  max_connections_per_ip: 5 # default: 5

# Geographic ingest filter (optional).
# Drop packets from observers outside the specified area.
# Country codes are ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. Continent codes: AF AN AS EU NA OC SA.
# If both are set an IATA passes if it matches either (OR semantics).
# Omit entirely to accept all IATAs (default).
ingest:
  allow_countries: [CA, US] # only store packets from these countries
  allow_continents: [NA] # or: accept all of North America

IATAs are auto-created on first packet arrival. The config file adds display names and coordinates. Regions and channel keys must be defined here — they are not auto-created.

---

WebSocket API

Connect to ws://host:8080/ws.

On connect the server sends a hello:

{ "v": 1, "type": "hello", "serverTime": 1234567890000, "connectionId": "uuid" }

The connection closes after 90 seconds of inactivity. Clients should send a ping every 30 seconds.

Client → Server messages

Subscribe — add a filter to this connection. Multiple subscriptions are unioned (OR semantics): an event matches if it satisfies any active subscription. The server replies with a subscriptionId to use for unsubscribing.

{
  "v": 1,
  "type": "subscribe",
  "id": "sub-1",
  "scope": {
    "iatas": ["YOW", "YYZ"],
    "regionIds": ["1"],
    "payloadTypes": [4, 5],
    "channelHashes": ["11"],
    "events": ["packetObservation", "channelMessage"]
  }
}

All scope fields are optional. Omitted means no filter on that dimension (match everything). Empty array means match nothing on that dimension. regionIds are expanded to their member IATAs server-side.

Unsubscribe — remove a specific subscription by ID.

{
  "v": 1,
  "type": "unsubscribe",
  "id": "unsub-1",
  "subscriptionId": "<uuid from subscribed reply>"
}

Ping

{ "v": 1, "type": "ping", "id": "ping-1" }

Server → Client events

Type	Description
packetObservation	New observation written to DB
observerStatus	Observer status update
nodeUpdate	Node upserted from advert
channelMessage	Decrypted channel message (scope must include hash)

Backpressure

The server write buffer per connection is bounded at 256 events. If a client falls behind, the server drops the oldest queued events and sends a lagged notice:

{ "v": 1, "type": "lagged", "droppedCount": 12, "since": 1234567890000 }

Clients should respond by re-fetching the relevant REST endpoint using afterId to backfill missed events, then resume streaming.

Reconnection

Subscriptions are not persisted — they exist only for the lifetime of the connection. On any disconnect the client should reconnect with backoff, re-issue all subscriptions, and backfill via REST using afterId=<last seen observation id>.

Connection limits

By default a maximum of 5 concurrent WebSocket connections are allowed per IP address. Connections beyond this limit receive HTTP 429. The limit is configurable via websocket.max_connections_per_ip in config.yaml.

---

REST API

Base path: /api/v1

All list endpoints support afterId for cursor-based pagination:

GET /api/v1/packets?iata=YOW&afterId=12345&limit=100

Implemented

Method	Path	Description
GET	/brokers	List MQTT brokers and connection status
GET	/iatas	List all known IATA codes
GET	/iatas/{iata}	Get a single IATA code
GET	/regions	List all regions (summary)
GET	/regions/{id}	Get a single region with IATA list
GET	/channels	List channels (optional: ?hash=<hex>&iata=<code>&limit=50)
GET	/channels/{id}	Get channel detail by integer ID
GET	/channels/{id}/messages	List messages for a channel (optional: ?since=<ms>&iata=<code>&limit=50)
GET	/messages	List all messages (optional: ?channelId=<int>&channelHash=<hex>&iata=<code>&since=<ms>&limit=50)
GET	/observers	List observers (optional: ?iata=<code>&type=<str>&broker=<name>&status=online|offline)
GET	/observers/{observerId}	Get observer detail including broker last-seen timestamps
GET	/observers/{observerId}/telemetry	Observer telemetry history
GET	/observers/{observerId}/adverts	Adverts heard by observer
GET	/packets	List packets with filters
GET	/packets/{packetHash}	Get packet with all observations
GET	/nodes	List nodes
GET	/nodes/{nodeId}	Get node detail
GET	/nodes/{nodeId}/observations	List observations for a node
GET	/stats/overview	Network overview stats
GET	/stats/observations	Hourly observation time series (last 7 days by default)
GET	/stats/payload-breakdown	Observation counts by payload type (last 24h by default)
GET	/stats/top-nodes	Top N nodes by observation count (from materialized view)
GET	/stats/top-observers	Top N observers by observation count (last 24h by default)
GET	/stats/scopes	Configured region scopes and breakdown of packets, nodes, observers

---

Development

Modifying DB queries

Edit db/queries/queries.sql, then regenerate:

sqlc generate

API documentation (Swagger)

Beacon uses swaggo/swag to generate OpenAPI documentation from annotations in the handler comments.

Start the server and open http://localhost:8080/swagger/index.html.

After adding or modifying any handler, regenerate the docs and commit the updated docs/ directory alongside your handler changes:

swag init -g cmd/beacon/main.go -o docs --parseDependecy

Install swag:

go install github.com/swaggo/swag/cmd/swag@latest

Each handler closure should have a godoc-style annotation block immediately above the r.Get()/r.Post() call:

// listThings godoc
//
//	@Summary	Short description shown in the UI
//	@Tags		TagName
//	@Produce	json
//	@Param		paramName	query		string	false	"Description"
//	@Param		id			path		string	true	"Resource ID"
//	@Success	200			{object}	api.MyResponseType
//	@Failure	400			{object}	handlers.APIError
//	@Failure	500			{object}	handlers.APIError
//	@Router		/things [get]
r.Get("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

For paginated responses use the generic page wrapper:

//	@Success	200	{object}	api.Page[api.MyType]

Updating the IATA database

Beacon includes a static IATA → country/continent mapping compiled into the binary, generated from the OurAirports public dataset.

To refresh it with the latest airport data:

rm internal/iatadb/gen/airports.csv
go generate ./internal/iatadb/

This fetches a fresh airports.csv from OurAirports, saves it locally, and regenerates internal/iatadb/db.go. Commit both files.

To use a local CSV instead (e.g. in a restricted network environment):

AIRPORTS_CSV=/path/to/airports.csv go run ./internal/iatadb/gen

---

Road Map

Done

• MQTT ingest pipeline (two brokers, cross-broker dedup)
• Packet decode via meshcore-go
• Observer upsert and status processing
• Node upsert from advert payloads
• Channel message storage with key-based decryption
• Firmware capability detection scaffolding
• Hub-based WebSocket fan-out with subscription filtering
• WebSocket server (hello, subscribe, unsubscribe, ping/pong, lagged, events)
• WebSocket regionId expansion via region_iatas DB lookup
• WebSocket per-IP connection limits
• Config file loading (regions, IATA overrides, channel keys)
• Observer radio settings on observations
• DB seeding on startup
• Observer telemetry storage with configurable resolution and retention
• Packet retention cleanup goroutine
• Hashtag channel PSK derivation (SHA256("#tag")[:16])
• Channel hash collision handling via key fingerprint
• REST API: IATAs, Regions
• REST API: Channels (list + detail + messages) with IATA filter
• REST API: Messages (cross-channel) with IATA filter
• REST API: Observers (heard adverts, telemetry, list + detail with broker last-seen)
• REST API: Brokers (list with connection status)
• REST API: Pagination
• REST API: Nodes (list + detail + observations)
• REST API: Packets (list + detail)
• REST API: Stats
• Materialized view refresh (mv_hourly_iata_stats, mv_top_nodes_by_iata)
• Swagger/OpenAPI documentation via swaggo/swag
• Path resolution (node short ID lookup)
• Parse payloads (that we can decrypt) into DB and return with packet details
• Propagation time calculation
• Trace route resolution via path hashes (resolvedRoute on packet detail)

In progress / next

• Dedicated routes and traces endpoints (see issue #32)

Future

• Redis caching for stats endpoints

• Caddy reverse proxy config for production

• Admin authentication middleware

  • Server management via API (currently config-file only)

• Observer owner tracking (schema exists, API excluded by design)

• Log levels, debug and info