refactor: Use snafu

This should gradtly improve the debugging experience by allowing tracking backtraces to get more context from the error. A lot of the touced files here are just cleaning up the old way of creating errors.
2026-04-25 17:12:08 +00:00 · 2026-02-22 14:06:15 +00:00
107 changed files with 1270 additions and 1886 deletions
--- a/.forgejo/workflows/build-debian.yml
+++ b/.forgejo/workflows/build-debian.yml
@@ -30,22 +30,22 @@ jobs:
          echo "version=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "distribution=$DISTRIBUTION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          echo "Debian distribution: $DISTRIBUTION ($VERSION)"
-      #- name: Work around llvm-project#153385
-      #  id: llvm-workaround
-      #  run: |
-      #    if [ -f /usr/share/apt/default-sequoia.config ]; then
-      #      echo "Applying workaround for llvm-project#153385"
-      #      mkdir -p /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/
-      #      cp /usr/share/apt/default-sequoia.config /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/apt-sequoia.config
-      #      sed -i 's/\(sha1\.second_preimage_resistance = \)2026-02-01/\12026-06-01/' /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/apt-sequoia.config
-      #    else
-      #      echo "No workaround needed for llvm-project#153385"
-      #    fi
+      - name: Work around llvm-project#153385
+        id: llvm-workaround
+        run: |
+          if [ -f /usr/share/apt/default-sequoia.config ]; then
+            echo "Applying workaround for llvm-project#153385"
+            mkdir -p /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/
+            cp /usr/share/apt/default-sequoia.config /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/apt-sequoia.config
+            sed -i 's/\(sha1\.second_preimage_resistance = \)2026-02-01/\12026-06-01/' /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/apt-sequoia.config
+          else
+            echo "No workaround needed for llvm-project#153385"
+          fi
      - name: Pick compatible clang version
        id: clang-version
        run: |
          # both latest need to use clang-23, but oldstable and previous can just use clang
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.container }}" == "ubuntu-latest" ]]; then
+          if [[ "${{ matrix.container }}" == "ubuntu-latest" || "${{ matrix.container }}" == "debian-latest" ]]; then
            echo "Using clang-23 package for ${{ matrix.container }}"
            echo "version=clang-23" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
          else
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,32 +1,3 @@
-# Continuwuity 0.5.6 (2026-03-03)
-
-## Security
-
- Admin escape commands received over federation will never be executed, as this is never valid in a genuine situation. Contributed by @Jade.
- Fixed data amplification vulnerability (CWE-409) that affected configurations with server-side compression enabled (non-default). Contributed by @nex.
-
-## Features
-
- Outgoing presence is now disabled by default, and the config option documentation has been adjusted to more accurately represent the weight of presence, typing indicators, and read receipts. Contributed by @nex. ([#1399](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1399))
- Improved the concurrency handling of federation transactions, vastly improving performance and reliability by more accurately handling inbound transactions and reducing the amount of repeated wasted work. Contributed by @nex and @Jade. ([#1428](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1428))
- Added [MSC3202](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3202) Device masquerading (not all of MSC3202). This should fix issues with enabling [MSC4190](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4190) for some Mautrix bridges. Contributed by @Jade ([#1435](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1435))
- Added [MSC3814](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3814) Dehydrated Devices - you can now decrypt messages sent while all devices were logged out. ([#1436](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1436))
- Implement [MSC4143](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4143) MatrixRTC transport discovery endpoint. Move RTC foci configuration from `[global.well_known]` to a new `[global.matrix_rtc]` section with a `foci` field. Contributed by @0xnim ([#1442](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1442))
- Updated `list-backups` admin command to output one backup per line. ([#1394](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1394))
- Improved URL preview fetching with a more compatible user agent for sites like YouTube Music. Added `!admin media delete-url-preview <url>` command to clear cached URL previews that were stuck and broken. ([#1434](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1434))
-
-## Bugfixes
-
- Removed non-compliant nor functional room alias lookups over federation. Contributed by @nex ([#1393](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1393))
- Removed ability to set rocksdb as read only. Doing so would cause unintentional and buggy behaviour. Contributed by @Terryiscool160. ([#1418](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1418))
- Fixed a startup crash in the sender service if we can't detect the number of CPU cores, even if the `sender_workers` config option is set correctly. Contributed by @katie. ([#1421](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1421))
- Removed the `allow_public_room_directory_without_auth` config option. Contributed by @0xnim. ([#1441](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1441))
- Fixed sliding sync v5 list ranges always starting from 0, causing extra rooms to be unnecessarily processed and returned. Contributed by @0xnim ([#1445](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1445))
- Fixed a bug that (repairably) caused a room split between continuwuity and non-continuwuity servers when the room had both `m.room.policy` and `org.matrix.msc4284.policy` in its room state. Contributed by @nex ([#1481](https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity/pulls/1481))
- Fixed `!admin media delete --mxc <url>` responding with an error message when the media was deleted successfully. Contributed by @lynxize
- Fixed spurious 404 media errors in the logs. Contributed by @benbot.
- Fixed spurious warn about needed backfill via federation for non-federated rooms. Contributed by @kraem.
-
 # Continuwuity v0.5.5 (2026-02-15)

 ## Features
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -445,14 +445,13 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "axum-extra"
-version = "0.12.5"
+version = "0.10.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fef252edff26ddba56bbcdf2ee3307b8129acb86f5749b68990c168a6fcc9c76"
+checksum = "9963ff19f40c6102c76756ef0a46004c0d58957d87259fc9208ff8441c12ab96"
 dependencies = [
 "axum",
 "axum-core",
 "bytes",
- "futures-core",
 "futures-util",
 "headers",
 "http",
@@ -460,6 +459,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "http-body-util",
 "mime",
 "pin-project-lite",
+ "rustversion",
+ "serde_core",
 "tower-layer",
 "tower-service",
 "tracing",
@@ -887,7 +888,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "clap",
 "conduwuit_admin",
@@ -919,7 +920,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_admin"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "clap",
 "conduwuit_api",
@@ -940,7 +941,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_api"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "axum",
@@ -972,14 +973,14 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_build_metadata"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "built",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_core"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "argon2",
 "arrayvec",
@@ -1013,6 +1014,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "nix",
 "num-traits",
 "parking_lot",
+ "paste",
 "rand 0.10.0",
 "rand_core 0.6.4",
 "regex",
@@ -1026,7 +1028,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde_regex",
 "smallstr",
 "smallvec",
- "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "snafu",
 "tikv-jemalloc-ctl",
 "tikv-jemalloc-sys",
 "tikv-jemallocator",
@@ -1041,7 +1043,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_database"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "async-channel",
 "conduwuit_core",
@@ -1059,7 +1061,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_macros"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "itertools 0.14.0",
 "proc-macro2",
@@ -1069,7 +1071,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_router"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "axum",
 "axum-client-ip",
@@ -1103,7 +1105,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_service"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "askama",
 "async-trait",
@@ -1145,7 +1147,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "conduwuit_web"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "askama",
 "axum",
@@ -1153,7 +1155,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "conduwuit_service",
 "futures",
 "rand 0.10.0",
- "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "snafu",
 "tracing",
 ]

@@ -1221,7 +1223,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "continuwuity-admin-api"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "ruma-common",
 "serde",
@@ -1600,7 +1602,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "draupnir-antispam"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "ruma-common",
 "serde",
@@ -3002,7 +3004,7 @@ checksum = "f8ca58f447f06ed17d5fc4043ce1b10dd205e060fb3ce5b979b8ed8e59ff3f79"
 [[package]]
 name = "meowlnir-antispam"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "ruma-common",
 "serde",
@@ -4055,14 +4057,12 @@ dependencies = [
 "sync_wrapper",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-rustls",
- "tokio-util",
 "tower",
 "tower-http",
 "tower-service",
 "url",
 "wasm-bindgen",
 "wasm-bindgen-futures",
- "wasm-streams",
 "web-sys",
 "webpki-roots",
 ]
@@ -4096,7 +4096,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma"
 version = "0.10.1"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "assign",
 "continuwuity-admin-api",
@@ -4119,7 +4119,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-appservice-api"
 version = "0.10.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "js_int",
 "ruma-common",
@@ -4131,7 +4131,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-client-api"
 version = "0.18.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "as_variant",
 "assign",
@@ -4154,7 +4154,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-common"
 version = "0.13.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "as_variant",
 "base64 0.22.1",
@@ -4186,7 +4186,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-events"
 version = "0.28.1"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "as_variant",
 "indexmap",
@@ -4211,7 +4211,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-federation-api"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "bytes",
 "headers",
@@ -4233,7 +4233,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-identifiers-validation"
 version = "0.9.5"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "js_int",
 "thiserror 2.0.18",
@@ -4242,7 +4242,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-identity-service-api"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "js_int",
 "ruma-common",
@@ -4252,7 +4252,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-macros"
 version = "0.13.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "proc-macro-crate",
@@ -4267,7 +4267,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-push-gateway-api"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "js_int",
 "ruma-common",
@@ -4279,7 +4279,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruma-signatures"
 version = "0.15.0"
-source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88#bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+source = "git+https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma?rev=e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628#e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 dependencies = [
 "base64 0.22.1",
 "ed25519-dalek",
@@ -4912,6 +4912,27 @@ dependencies = [
 "serde",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "snafu"
+version = "0.8.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6e84b3f4eacbf3a1ce05eac6763b4d629d60cbc94d632e4092c54ade71f1e1a2"
+dependencies = [
+ "snafu-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "snafu-derive"
+version = "0.8.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c1c97747dbf44bb1ca44a561ece23508e99cb592e862f22222dcf42f51d1e451"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
 version = "0.5.10"
@@ -5870,19 +5891,6 @@ dependencies = [
 "wasmparser",
 ]

-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-streams"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "15053d8d85c7eccdbefef60f06769760a563c7f0a9d6902a13d35c7800b0ad65"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-util",
- "js-sys",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasm-bindgen-futures",
- "web-sys",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.244.0"
@@ -6347,7 +6355,7 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "xtask"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"
 dependencies = [
 "askama",
 "cargo_metadata",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ license = "Apache-2.0"
 # See also `rust-toolchain.toml`
 readme = "README.md"
 repository = "https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/continuwuity"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.5"

 [workspace.metadata.crane]
 name = "conduwuit"
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ features = [
 ]

 [workspace.dependencies.axum-extra]
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.10.1"
 default-features = false
 features = ["typed-header", "tracing"]

@@ -144,7 +144,6 @@ features = [
    "socks",
    "hickory-dns",
    "http2",
-    "stream",
 ]

 [workspace.dependencies.serde]
@@ -308,9 +307,14 @@ features = [
 ]

 # Used for conduwuit::Error type
-[workspace.dependencies.thiserror]
-version = "2.0.12"
+[workspace.dependencies.snafu]
+version = "0.8"
 default-features = false
+features = ["std", "rust_1_81"]
+
+# Used for macro name generation
+[workspace.dependencies.paste]
+version = "1.0"

 # Used when hashing the state
 [workspace.dependencies.ring]
@@ -344,7 +348,7 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 [workspace.dependencies.ruma]
 git = "https://forgejo.ellis.link/continuwuation/ruwuma"
 #branch = "conduwuit-changes"
-rev = "bb12ed288a31a23aa11b10ba0fad22b7f985eb88"
+rev = "e087ff15888156942ca2ffe6097d1b4c3fd27628"
 features = [
    "compat",
    "rand",
@@ -364,7 +368,6 @@ features = [
    "unstable-msc2870",
    "unstable-msc3026",
    "unstable-msc3061",
-    "unstable-msc3814",
    "unstable-msc3245",
    "unstable-msc3266",
    "unstable-msc3381", # polls
@@ -383,7 +386,6 @@ features = [
    "unstable-pdu",
    "unstable-msc4155",
    "unstable-msc4143", # livekit well_known response
-    "unstable-msc4284"
 ]

 [workspace.dependencies.rust-rocksdb]
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -57,15 +57,10 @@ ### What are the project's goals?

 ### Can I try it out?

-Check out the [documentation](https://continuwuity.org) for installation instructions.
+Check out the [documentation](https://continuwuity.org) for installation instructions, or join one of these vetted public homeservers running Continuwuity to get a feel for things!

-If you want to try it out as a user, we have some partnered homeservers you can use:
-* You can head over to [https://federated.nexus](https://federated.nexus/) in your browser.
-  * Hit the `Apply to Join` button. Once your request has been accepted, you will receive an email with your username and password.
-  * Head over to [https://app.federated.nexus](https://app.federated.nexus/) and you can sign in there, or use any other matrix chat client you wish elsewhere.
-  * Your username for matrix will be in the form of `@username:federated.nexus`, however you can simply use the `username` part to log in. Your password is your password.
-
-* There's also [https://continuwuity.rocks/](https://continuwuity.rocks/). You can register a new account using Cinny via [this convenient link](https://app.cinny.in/register/continuwuity.rocks), or you can use Element or another matrix client *that supports registration*.
+- https://continuwuity.rocks -- A public demo server operated by the Continuwuity Team.
+- https://federated.nexus -- Federated Nexus is a community resource hosting multiple FOSS (especially federated) services, including Matrix and Forgejo.

 ### What are we working on?

--- a/changelog.d/1393.bugfix
+++ b/changelog.d/1393.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Removed non-compliant nor functional room alias lookups over federation. Contributed by @nex
--- a/changelog.d/1399.feature
+++ b/changelog.d/1399.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Outgoing presence is now disabled by default, and the config option documentation has been adjusted to more accurately represent the weight of presence, typing indicators, and read receipts. Contributed by @nex.
--- a/changelog.d/1418.bugfix
+++ b/changelog.d/1418.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Removed ability to set rocksdb as read only. Doing so would cause unintentional and buggy behaviour. Contributed by @Terryiscool160.
--- a/changelog.d/1421.bugfix
+++ b/changelog.d/1421.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fixed a startup crash in the sender service if we can't detect the number of CPU cores, even if the `sender_workers' config option is set correctly. Contributed by @katie.
--- a/changelog.d/list-backups-formatting.feature
+++ b/changelog.d/list-backups-formatting.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Updated `list-backups` admin command to output one backup per line.
--- a/clippy.toml
+++ b/clippy.toml
@@ -15,18 +15,6 @@ disallowed-macros = [
 	{ path = "log::trace", reason = "use conduwuit_core::trace" },
 ]

-[[disallowed-methods]]
-path = "tokio::spawn"
-reason = "use and pass conduwuit_core::server::Server::runtime() to spawn from"
-
-[[disallowed-methods]]
-path = "reqwest::Response::bytes"
-reason = "bytes is unsafe, use limit_read via the conduwuit_core::utils::LimitReadExt trait instead"
-
-[[disallowed-methods]]
-path = "reqwest::Response::text"
-reason = "text is unsafe, use limit_read_text via the conduwuit_core::utils::LimitReadExt trait instead"
-
-[[disallowed-methods]]
-path = "reqwest::Response::json"
-reason = "json is unsafe, use limit_read_text via the conduwuit_core::utils::LimitReadExt trait instead"
+disallowed-methods = [
+    { path = "tokio::spawn", reason = "use and pass conduuwit_core::server::Server::runtime() to spawn from" },
+]
--- a/complement/complement.config.toml
+++ b/complement/complement.config.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ address = "0.0.0.0"
 allow_device_name_federation = true
 allow_guest_registration = true
 allow_public_room_directory_over_federation = true
+allow_public_room_directory_without_auth = true
 allow_registration = true
 database_path = "/database"
 log = "trace,h2=debug,hyper=debug"
--- a/conduwuit-example.toml
+++ b/conduwuit-example.toml
@@ -290,25 +290,6 @@
 #
 #max_fetch_prev_events = 192

-# How many incoming federation transactions the server is willing to be
-# processing at any given time before it becomes overloaded and starts
-# rejecting further transactions until some slots become available.
-#
-# Setting this value too low or too high may result in unstable
-# federation, and setting it too high may cause runaway resource usage.
-#
-#max_concurrent_inbound_transactions = 150
-
-# Maximum age (in seconds) for cached federation transaction responses.
-# Entries older than this will be removed during cleanup.
-#
-#transaction_id_cache_max_age_secs = 7200 (2 hours)
-
-# Maximum number of cached federation transaction responses.
-# When the cache exceeds this limit, older entries will be removed.
-#
-#transaction_id_cache_max_entries = 8192
-
 # Default/base connection timeout (seconds). This is used only by URL
 # previews and update/news endpoint checks.
 #
@@ -546,6 +527,12 @@
 #
 #allow_public_room_directory_over_federation = false

+# Set this to true to allow your server's public room directory to be
+# queried without client authentication (access token) through the Client
+# APIs. Set this to false to protect against /publicRooms spiders.
+#
+#allow_public_room_directory_without_auth = false
+
 # Allow guests/unauthenticated users to access TURN credentials.
 #
 # This is the equivalent of Synapse's `turn_allow_guests` config option.
@@ -1844,13 +1831,14 @@
 #
 #support_mxid =

-# **DEPRECATED**: Use `[global.matrix_rtc].foci` instead.
-#
 # A list of MatrixRTC foci URLs which will be served as part of the
-# MSC4143 client endpoint at /.well-known/matrix/client.
+# MSC4143 client endpoint at /.well-known/matrix/client.  If you're
+# setting up livekit, you'd want something like:
+# rtc_focus_server_urls = [
+#     { type = "livekit", livekit_service_url = "https://livekit.example.com" },
+# ]
 #
-# This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
-# Please migrate to the new `[global.matrix_rtc]` config section.
+# To disable, set this to be an empty vector (`[]`).
 #
 #rtc_focus_server_urls = []

@@ -1872,23 +1860,6 @@
 #
 #blurhash_max_raw_size = 33554432

-[global.matrix_rtc]
-
-# A list of MatrixRTC foci (transports) which will be served via the
-# MSC4143 RTC transports endpoint at
-# `/_matrix/client/v1/rtc/transports`. If you're setting up livekit,
-# you'd want something like:
-# ```toml
-# [global.matrix_rtc]
-# foci = [
-#     { type = "livekit", livekit_service_url = "https://livekit.example.com" },
-# ]
-# ```
-#
-# To disable, set this to an empty list (`[]`).
-#
-#foci = []
-
 [global.ldap]

 # Whether to enable LDAP login.
--- a/docker/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile
@@ -180,11 +180,6 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry \
        export RUSTFLAGS="${RUSTFLAGS}"
    fi

-    RUST_PROFILE_DIR="${RUST_PROFILE}"
-    if [[ "${RUST_PROFILE}" == "dev" ]]; then
-        RUST_PROFILE_DIR="debug"
-    fi
-
    TARGET_DIR=($(cargo metadata --no-deps --format-version 1 | \
            jq -r ".target_directory"))
    mkdir /out/sbin
@@ -196,8 +191,8 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry \
        jq -r ".packages[] | select(.name == \"$PACKAGE\") | .targets[] | select( .kind | map(. == \"bin\") | any ) | .name"))
    for BINARY in "${BINARIES[@]}"; do
        echo $BINARY
-        xx-verify $TARGET_DIR/$(xx-cargo --print-target-triple)/${RUST_PROFILE_DIR}/$BINARY
-        cp $TARGET_DIR/$(xx-cargo --print-target-triple)/${RUST_PROFILE_DIR}/$BINARY /out/sbin/$BINARY
+        xx-verify $TARGET_DIR/$(xx-cargo --print-target-triple)/${RUST_PROFILE}/$BINARY
+        cp $TARGET_DIR/$(xx-cargo --print-target-triple)/${RUST_PROFILE}/$BINARY /out/sbin/$BINARY
    done
 EOF

--- a/docs/calls/livekit.mdx
+++ b/docs/calls/livekit.mdx
@@ -78,19 +78,47 @@ #### Firewall hints

 ### 3. Telling clients where to find LiveKit

-To tell clients where to find LiveKit, you need to add the address of your `lk-jwt-service` to the `[global.matrix_rtc]` config section using the `foci` option.
+To tell clients where to find LiveKit, you need to add the address of your `lk-jwt-service` to your client .well-known file. To do so, in the config section `global.well-known`, add (or modify) the option `rtc_focus_server_urls`.

-The variable should be a list of servers serving as MatrixRTC endpoints. Clients discover these via the `/_matrix/client/v1/rtc/transports` endpoint (MSC4143).
+The variable should be a list of servers serving as MatrixRTC endpoints to serve in the well-known file to the client.

 ```toml
-[global.matrix_rtc]
-foci = [
+rtc_focus_server_urls = [
    { type = "livekit", livekit_service_url = "https://livekit.example.com" },
 ]
 ```

 Remember to replace the URL with the address you are deploying your instance of lk-jwt-service to.

+#### Serving .well-known manually
+
+If you don't let Continuwuity serve your `.well-known` files, you need to add the following lines to your `.well-known/matrix/client` file, remembering to replace the URL with your own `lk-jwt-service` deployment:
+
+```json
+  "org.matrix.msc4143.rtc_foci": [
+    {
+      "type": "livekit",
+      "livekit_service_url": "https://livekit.example.com"
+    }
+  ]
+```
+
+The final file should look something like this:
+
+```json
+{
+  "m.homeserver": {
+    "base_url":"https://matrix.example.com"
+  },
+  "org.matrix.msc4143.rtc_foci": [
+    {
+      "type": "livekit",
+      "livekit_service_url": "https://livekit.example.com"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
 ### 4. Configure your Reverse Proxy

 Reverse proxies can be configured in many different ways - so we can't provide a step by step for this.
--- a/docs/introduction.mdx
+++ b/docs/introduction.mdx
@@ -51,13 +51,7 @@ ## Can I try it out?

 Check out the [documentation](https://continuwuity.org) for installation instructions.

-If you want to try it out as a user, we have some partnered homeservers you can use:
-* You can head over to [https://federated.nexus](https://federated.nexus/) in your browser.
-  * Hit the `Apply to Join` button. Once your request has been accepted, you will receive an email with your username and password.
-  * Head over to [https://app.federated.nexus](https://app.federated.nexus/) and you can sign in there, or use any other matrix chat client you wish elsewhere.
-  * Your username for matrix will be in the form of `@username:federated.nexus`, however you can simply use the `username` part to log in. Your password is your password.
-
-* There's also [https://continuwuity.rocks/](https://continuwuity.rocks/). You can register a new account using Cinny via [this convenient link](https://app.cinny.in/register/continuwuity.rocks), or you can use Element or another matrix client *that supports registration*.
+There are currently no open registration continuwuity instances available.

 ## What are we working on?

--- a/docs/reference/admin/media.md
+++ b/docs/reference/admin/media.md
@@ -36,7 +36,3 @@ ## `!admin media delete-all-from-user`
 ## `!admin media delete-all-from-server`

 Deletes all remote media from the specified remote server. This will always ignore errors by default
-
-## `!admin media delete-url-preview`
-
-Deletes a cached URL preview, forcing it to be re-fetched. Use --all to purge all cached URL previews
--- a/src/admin/federation/commands.rs
+++ b/src/admin/federation/commands.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;

-use conduwuit::{Err, Result, utils::response::LimitReadExt};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result};
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use ruma::{OwnedRoomId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId};

@@ -30,15 +30,12 @@ pub(super) async fn incoming_federation(&self) -> Result {
 			.federation_handletime
 			.read();

-		let mut msg = format!(
-			"Handling {} incoming PDUs across {} active transactions:\n",
-			map.len(),
-			self.services.transactions.txn_active_handle_count()
-		);
+		let mut msg = format!("Handling {} incoming pdus:\n", map.len());
 		for (r, (e, i)) in map.iter() {
 			let elapsed = i.elapsed();
 			writeln!(msg, "{} {}: {}m{}s", r, e, elapsed.as_secs() / 60, elapsed.as_secs() % 60)?;
 		}
+
 		msg
 	};

@@ -55,15 +52,7 @@ pub(super) async fn fetch_support_well_known(&self, server_name: OwnedServerName
 		.send()
 		.await?;

-	let text = response
-		.limit_read_text(
-			self.services
-				.config
-				.max_request_size
-				.try_into()
-				.expect("u64 fits into usize"),
-		)
-		.await?;
+	let text = response.text().await?;

 	if text.is_empty() {
 		return Err!("Response text/body is empty.");
--- a/src/admin/media/commands.rs
+++ b/src/admin/media/commands.rs
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ pub(super) async fn delete(
 			.delete(&mxc.as_str().try_into()?)
 			.await?;

-		return self
-			.write_str("Deleted the MXC from our database and on our filesystem.")
-			.await;
+		return Err!("Deleted the MXC from our database and on our filesystem.",);
 	}

 	if let Some(event_id) = event_id {
@@ -390,19 +388,3 @@ pub(super) async fn get_remote_thumbnail(
 	self.write_str(&format!("```\n{result:#?}\nreceived {len} bytes for file content.\n```"))
 		.await
 }
-
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn delete_url_preview(&self, url: Option<String>, all: bool) -> Result {
-	if all {
-		self.services.media.clear_url_previews().await;
-
-		return self.write_str("Deleted all cached URL previews.").await;
-	}
-
-	let url = url.expect("clap enforces url is required unless --all");
-
-	self.services.media.remove_url_preview(&url).await?;
-
-	self.write_str(&format!("Deleted cached URL preview for: {url}"))
-		.await
-}
--- a/src/admin/media/mod.rs
+++ b/src/admin/media/mod.rs
@@ -108,16 +108,4 @@ pub enum MediaCommand {
 		#[arg(long, default_value("800"))]
 		height: u32,
 	},
-
-	/// Deletes a cached URL preview, forcing it to be re-fetched.
-	/// Use --all to purge all cached URL previews.
-	DeleteUrlPreview {
-		/// The URL to clear from the saved preview data
-		#[arg(required_unless_present = "all")]
-		url: Option<String>,
-
-		/// Purge all cached URL previews
-		#[arg(long, conflicts_with = "url")]
-		all: bool,
-	},
 }
--- a/src/admin/query/raw.rs
+++ b/src/admin/query/raw.rs
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ pub(super) async fn compact(
 	let parallelism = parallelism.unwrap_or(1);
 	let results = maps
 		.into_iter()
-		.try_stream::<conduwuit::Error>()
+		.try_stream()
 		.paralleln_and_then(runtime, parallelism, move |map| {
 			map.compact_blocking(options.clone())?;
 			Ok(map.name().to_owned())
--- a/src/admin/query/resolver.rs
+++ b/src/admin/query/resolver.rs
@@ -20,17 +20,7 @@ pub enum ResolverCommand {
 		name: Option<String>,
 	},

-	/// Flush a given server from the resolver caches or flush them completely
-	///
-	/// * Examples:
-	///   * Flush a specific server:
-	///
-	///     `!admin query resolver flush-cache matrix.example.com`
-	///
-	///   * Flush all resolver caches completely:
-	///
-	///     `!admin query resolver flush-cache --all`
-	#[command(verbatim_doc_comment)]
+	/// Flush a specific server from the resolver caches or everything
 	FlushCache {
 		name: Option<OwnedServerName>,

--- a/src/api/client/account.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/account.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, Event, Result, debug_info, err, error, info,
+	Err, Event, Result, debug_info, err, error, info,
 	matrix::pdu::PduBuilder,
 	utils::{self, ReadyExt, stream::BroadbandExt},
 	warn,
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 					)
 					.await?;
 				if !worked {
-					return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+					return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 				}
 				// Success!
 			},
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 						&uiaainfo,
 						json,
 					);
-					return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+					return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 				},
 				| _ => {
 					return Err!(Request(NotJson("JSON body is not valid")));
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 				.await?;

 			if !worked {
-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			}

 			// Success!
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 					.uiaa
 					.create(sender_user, body.sender_device(), &uiaainfo, json);

-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			},
 			| _ => {
 				return Err!(Request(NotJson("JSON body is not valid")));
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn deactivate_route(
 				.await?;

 			if !worked {
-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			}
 			// Success!
 		},
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn deactivate_route(
 					.uiaa
 					.create(sender_user, body.sender_device(), &uiaainfo, json);

-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			},
 			| _ => {
 				return Err!(Request(NotJson("JSON body is not valid")));
--- a/src/api/client/account_data.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/account_data.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 	},
 	events::{
 		AnyGlobalAccountDataEventContent, AnyRoomAccountDataEventContent,
-		RoomAccountDataEventType,
+		GlobalAccountDataEventType, RoomAccountDataEventType,
 	},
 	serde::Raw,
 };
@@ -126,6 +126,12 @@ async fn set_account_data(
 		)));
 	}

+	if event_type_s == GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_cow_str() {
+		return Err!(Request(BadJson(
+			"This endpoint cannot be used for setting/configuring push rules."
+		)));
+	}
+
 	let data: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(data.get())
 		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson(warn!("Invalid JSON provided: {e}")))))?;

--- a/src/api/client/dehydrated_device.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/dehydrated_device.rs
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
-use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Result, at};
-use futures::StreamExt;
-use ruma::api::client::dehydrated_device::{
-	delete_dehydrated_device::unstable as delete_dehydrated_device,
-	get_dehydrated_device::unstable as get_dehydrated_device, get_events::unstable as get_events,
-	put_dehydrated_device::unstable as put_dehydrated_device,
-};
-
-use crate::Ruma;
-
-const MAX_BATCH_EVENTS: usize = 50;
-
-/// # `PUT /_matrix/client/../dehydrated_device`
-///
-/// Creates or overwrites the user's dehydrated device.
-#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client))]
-pub(crate) async fn put_dehydrated_device_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>,
-	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<put_dehydrated_device::Request>,
-) -> Result<put_dehydrated_device::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body
-		.sender_user
-		.as_deref()
-		.expect("AccessToken authentication required");
-
-	let device_id = body.body.device_id.clone();
-
-	services
-		.users
-		.set_dehydrated_device(sender_user, body.body)
-		.await?;
-
-	Ok(put_dehydrated_device::Response { device_id })
-}
-
-/// # `DELETE /_matrix/client/../dehydrated_device`
-///
-/// Deletes the user's dehydrated device without replacement.
-#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client))]
-pub(crate) async fn delete_dehydrated_device_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>,
-	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<delete_dehydrated_device::Request>,
-) -> Result<delete_dehydrated_device::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-
-	let device_id = services.users.get_dehydrated_device_id(sender_user).await?;
-
-	services.users.remove_device(sender_user, &device_id).await;
-
-	Ok(delete_dehydrated_device::Response { device_id })
-}
-
-/// # `GET /_matrix/client/../dehydrated_device`
-///
-/// Gets the user's dehydrated device
-#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client))]
-pub(crate) async fn get_dehydrated_device_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>,
-	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_dehydrated_device::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_dehydrated_device::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-
-	let device = services.users.get_dehydrated_device(sender_user).await?;
-
-	Ok(get_dehydrated_device::Response {
-		device_id: device.device_id,
-		device_data: device.device_data,
-	})
-}
-
-/// # `GET /_matrix/client/../dehydrated_device/{device_id}/events`
-///
-/// Paginates the events of the dehydrated device.
-#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client))]
-pub(crate) async fn get_dehydrated_events_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>,
-	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_events::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_events::Response> {
-	let sender_user = body.sender_user();
-
-	let device_id = &body.body.device_id;
-	let existing_id = services.users.get_dehydrated_device_id(sender_user).await;
-
-	if existing_id.as_ref().is_err()
-		|| existing_id
-			.as_ref()
-			.is_ok_and(|existing_id| existing_id != device_id)
-	{
-		return Err!(Request(Forbidden("Not the dehydrated device_id.")));
-	}
-
-	let since: Option<u64> = body
-		.body
-		.next_batch
-		.as_deref()
-		.map(str::parse)
-		.transpose()?;
-
-	let mut next_batch: Option<u64> = None;
-	let events = services
-		.users
-		.get_to_device_events(sender_user, device_id, since, None)
-		.take(MAX_BATCH_EVENTS)
-		.inspect(|&(count, _)| {
-			next_batch.replace(count);
-		})
-		.map(at!(1))
-		.collect()
-		.await;
-
-	Ok(get_events::Response {
-		events,
-		next_batch: next_batch.as_ref().map(ToString::to_string),
-	})
-}
--- a/src/api/client/device.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/device.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result, debug, err, utils};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug, err, utils};
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use ruma::{
 	MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, OwnedDeviceId,
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_devices_route(
 				.await?;

 			if !worked {
-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			}
 			// Success!
 		},
@@ -243,10 +243,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_devices_route(
 					.uiaa
 					.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, json);

-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			},
 			| _ => {
-				return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotJson, "Not json."));
+				return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotJson, "Not json."));
 			},
 		},
 	}
--- a/src/api/client/keys.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/keys.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@

 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, Result, debug, debug_warn, err,
+	Err, Result, debug, debug_warn, err,
 	result::NotFound,
 	utils,
 	utils::{IterStream, stream::WidebandExt},
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
 						.await?;

 					if !worked {
-						return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+						return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 					}
 					// Success!
 				},
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
 							.uiaa
 							.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, json);

-						return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+						return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 					},
 					| _ => {
-						return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotJson, "Not json."));
+						return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotJson, "Not json."));
 					},
 				},
 			}
@@ -396,12 +396,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_key_changes_route(
 	let from = body
 		.from
 		.parse()
-		.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid `from`."))?;
+		.map_err(|_| err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid `from`.")))?;

 	let to = body
 		.to
 		.parse()
-		.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid `to`."))?;
+		.map_err(|_| err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid `to`.")))?;

 	device_list_updates.extend(
 		services
--- a/src/api/client/media.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/media.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Result, err,
+	Err, Result, err, error,
 	utils::{self, content_disposition::make_content_disposition, math::ruma_from_usize},
 };
-use conduwuit_core::error;
 use conduwuit_service::{
 	Services,
 	media::{CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE, CORP_CROSS_ORIGIN, Dim, FileMeta, MXC_LENGTH},
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_content_route(
 		.create(mxc, Some(user), Some(&content_disposition), content_type, &body.file)
 		.await
 	{
-		err!("Failed to save uploaded media: {e}");
+		error!("Failed to save uploaded media: {e}");
 		return Err!(Request(Unknown("Failed to save uploaded media")));
 	}

@@ -145,22 +144,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_route(
 		server_name: &body.server_name,
 		media_id: &body.media_id,
 	};
+
 	let FileMeta {
 		content,
 		content_type,
 		content_disposition,
-	} = match fetch_file(&services, &mxc, user, body.timeout_ms, None).await {
-		| Ok(meta) => meta,
-		| Err(conduwuit::Error::Io(e)) => match e.kind() {
-			| std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Err!(Request(NotFound("Media not found."))),
-			| std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => {
-				error!("Permission denied when trying to read file: {e:?}");
-				return Err!(Request(Unknown("Unknown error when fetching file.")));
-			},
-			| _ => return Err!(Request(Unknown("Unknown error when fetching file."))),
-		},
-		| Err(_) => return Err!(Request(Unknown("Unknown error when fetching file."))),
-	};
+	} = fetch_file(&services, &mxc, user, body.timeout_ms, None).await?;

 	Ok(get_content::v1::Response {
 		file: content.expect("entire file contents"),
@@ -196,18 +185,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_route(
 		content,
 		content_type,
 		content_disposition,
-	} = match fetch_file(&services, &mxc, user, body.timeout_ms, None).await {
-		| Ok(meta) => meta,
-		| Err(conduwuit::Error::Io(e)) => match e.kind() {
-			| std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Err!(Request(NotFound("Media not found."))),
-			| std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => {
-				error!("Permission denied when trying to read file: {e:?}");
-				return Err!(Request(Unknown("Unknown error when fetching file.")));
-			},
-			| _ => return Err!(Request(Unknown("Unknown error when fetching file."))),
-		},
-		| Err(_) => return Err!(Request(Unknown("Unknown error when fetching file."))),
-	};
+	} = fetch_file(&services, &mxc, user, body.timeout_ms, Some(&body.filename)).await?;

 	Ok(get_content_as_filename::v1::Response {
 		file: content.expect("entire file contents"),
--- a/src/api/client/message.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/message.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, Result, at, debug_warn,
+	Err, Result, at, debug_warn,
 	matrix::{
 		event::{Event, Matches},
 		pdu::PduCount,
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn is_ignored_pdu<Pdu>(

 	if server_ignored {
 		// the sender's server is ignored, so ignore this event
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::SenderIgnored { sender: None },
 			"The sender's server is ignored by this server.",
 		));
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn is_ignored_pdu<Pdu>(
 	if user_ignored && !services.config.send_messages_from_ignored_users_to_client {
 		// the recipient of this PDU has the sender ignored, and we're not
 		// configured to send ignored messages to clients
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::SenderIgnored { sender: Some(event.sender().to_owned()) },
 			"You have ignored this sender.",
 		));
--- a/src/api/client/mod.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 pub(super) mod backup;
 pub(super) mod capabilities;
 pub(super) mod context;
-pub(super) mod dehydrated_device;
 pub(super) mod device;
 pub(super) mod directory;
 pub(super) mod filter;
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@
 pub(super) use backup::*;
 pub(super) use capabilities::*;
 pub(super) use context::*;
-pub(super) use dehydrated_device::*;
 pub(super) use device::*;
 pub(super) use directory::*;
 pub(super) use filter::*;
--- a/src/api/client/push.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/push.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result, err};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, err};
 use conduwuit_service::Services;
 use ruma::{
 	CanonicalJsonObject, CanonicalJsonValue,
@@ -243,27 +243,27 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_route(
 		body.before.as_deref(),
 	) {
 		let err = match error {
-			| InsertPushRuleError::ServerDefaultRuleId => Error::BadRequest(
+			| InsertPushRuleError::ServerDefaultRuleId => err!(BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
 				"Rule IDs starting with a dot are reserved for server-default rules.",
-			),
-			| InsertPushRuleError::InvalidRuleId => Error::BadRequest(
+			)),
+			| InsertPushRuleError::InvalidRuleId => err!(BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
 				"Rule ID containing invalid characters.",
-			),
-			| InsertPushRuleError::RelativeToServerDefaultRule => Error::BadRequest(
+			)),
+			| InsertPushRuleError::RelativeToServerDefaultRule => err!(BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
 				"Can't place a push rule relatively to a server-default rule.",
-			),
-			| InsertPushRuleError::UnknownRuleId => Error::BadRequest(
+			)),
+			| InsertPushRuleError::UnknownRuleId => err!(BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::NotFound,
 				"The before or after rule could not be found.",
-			),
-			| InsertPushRuleError::BeforeHigherThanAfter => Error::BadRequest(
+			)),
+			| InsertPushRuleError::BeforeHigherThanAfter => err!(BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
 				"The before rule has a higher priority than the after rule.",
-			),
-			| _ => Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid data."),
+			)),
+			| _ => err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid data.")),
 		};

 		return Err(err);
@@ -433,13 +433,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_pushrule_route(
 		.remove(body.kind.clone(), &body.rule_id)
 	{
 		let err = match error {
-			| RemovePushRuleError::ServerDefault => Error::BadRequest(
+			| RemovePushRuleError::ServerDefault => err!(BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
 				"Cannot delete a server-default pushrule.",
-			),
+			)),
 			| RemovePushRuleError::NotFound =>
-				Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Push rule not found."),
-			| _ => Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid data."),
+				err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Push rule not found.")),
+			| _ => err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid data.")),
 		};

 		return Err(err);
--- a/src/api/client/room/upgrade.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/room/upgrade.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 use axum::extract::State;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, Event, Result, RoomVersion, debug, err, info,
+	Err, Event, Result, RoomVersion, debug, err, info,
 	matrix::{StateKey, pdu::PduBuilder},
 };
 use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt};
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	if !services.server.supported_room_version(&body.new_version) {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::UnsupportedRoomVersion,
 			"This server does not support that room version.",
 		));
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 					"creator".into(),
 					json!(&sender_user).try_into().map_err(|e| {
 						info!("Error forming creation event: {e}");
-						Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event")
+						err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event"))
 					})?,
 				);
 			},
@@ -186,13 +186,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 		"room_version".into(),
 		json!(&body.new_version)
 			.try_into()
-			.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event"))?,
+			.map_err(|_| err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event")))?,
 	);
 	create_event_content.insert(
 		"predecessor".into(),
 		json!(predecessor)
 			.try_into()
-			.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event"))?,
+			.map_err(|_| err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event")))?,
 	);

 	// Validate creation event content
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 	)
 	.is_err()
 	{
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event"));
+		return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event"));
 	}

 	let create_event_id = services
--- a/src/api/client/send.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/send.rs
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(

 	// Check if this is a new transaction id
 	if let Ok(response) = services
-		.transactions
-		.get_client_txn(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id)
+		.transaction_ids
+		.existing_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id)
 		.await
 	{
 		// The client might have sent a txnid of the /sendToDevice endpoint
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
 		)
 		.await?;

-	services.transactions.add_client_txnid(
+	services.transaction_ids.add_txnid(
 		sender_user,
 		sender_device,
 		&body.txn_id,
--- a/src/api/client/session.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/session.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, Result, debug, err, info,
+	Err, Result, debug, err, info,
 	utils::{self, ReadyExt, hash},
 	warn,
 };
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn handle_login(
 	}

 	if services.users.is_locked(&user_id).await? {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::UserLocked, "This account has been locked."));
+		return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::UserLocked, "This account has been locked."));
 	}

 	if services.users.is_login_disabled(&user_id).await {
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_token_route(
 				.await?;

 			if !worked {
-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			}

 			// Success!
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_token_route(
 					.uiaa
 					.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, json);

-				return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
+				return Err!(Uiaa(uiaainfo));
 			},
 			| _ => {
 				return Err!(Request(NotJson("No JSON body was sent when required.")));
--- a/src/api/client/sync/v3/mod.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/sync/v3/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Result, at, extract_variant,
+	Result, extract_variant,
 	utils::{
 		ReadyExt, TryFutureExtExt,
 		stream::{BroadbandExt, Tools, WidebandExt},
@@ -385,7 +385,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn build_sync_events(
 			last_sync_end_count,
 			Some(current_count),
 		)
-		.map(at!(1))
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();

 	let device_one_time_keys_count = services
--- a/src/api/client/sync/v5.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/sync/v5.rs
@@ -336,9 +336,7 @@ async fn handle_lists<'a, Rooms, AllRooms>(
 		let ranges = list.ranges.clone();

 		for mut range in ranges {
-			range.0 = range
-				.0
-				.min(UInt::try_from(active_rooms.len()).unwrap_or(UInt::MAX));
+			range.0 = uint!(0);
 			range.1 = range.1.checked_add(uint!(1)).unwrap_or(range.1);
 			range.1 = range
 				.1
@@ -1029,7 +1027,6 @@ async fn collect_to_device(
 		events: services
 			.users
 			.get_to_device_events(sender_user, sender_device, None, Some(next_batch))
-			.map(at!(1))
 			.collect()
 			.await,
 	})
--- a/src/api/client/to_device.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/to_device.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Error, Result};
+use conduwuit::{Result, err};
 use conduwuit_service::sending::EduBuf;
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use ruma::{
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(

 	// Check if this is a new transaction id
 	if services
-		.transactions
-		.get_client_txn(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id)
+		.transaction_ids
+		.existing_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id)
 		.await
 		.is_ok()
 	{
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(

 			let event = event
 				.deserialize_as()
-				.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Event is invalid"))?;
+				.map_err(|_| err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Event is invalid")))?;

 			match target_device_id_maybe {
 				| DeviceIdOrAllDevices::DeviceId(target_device_id) => {
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(

 	// Save transaction id with empty data
 	services
-		.transactions
-		.add_client_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id, &[]);
+		.transaction_ids
+		.add_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id, &[]);

 	Ok(send_event_to_device::v3::Response {})
 }
--- a/src/api/client/unversioned.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/unversioned.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_supported_versions_route(
 			("org.matrix.msc2836".to_owned(), true), /* threading/threads (https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2836) */
 			("org.matrix.msc2946".to_owned(), true), /* spaces/hierarchy summaries (https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2946) */
 			("org.matrix.msc3026.busy_presence".to_owned(), true), /* busy presence status (https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3026) */
-			("org.matrix.msc3814".to_owned(), true),               /* dehydrated devices */
 			("org.matrix.msc3827".to_owned(), true), /* filtering of /publicRooms by room type (https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3827) */
 			("org.matrix.msc3952_intentional_mentions".to_owned(), true), /* intentional mentions (https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3952) */
 			("org.matrix.msc3916.stable".to_owned(), true), /* authenticated media (https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3916) */
--- a/src/api/client/well_known.rs
+++ b/src/api/client/well_known.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 use axum::{Json, extract::State, response::IntoResponse};
-use conduwuit::{Error, Result};
-use ruma::api::client::{
-	discovery::{
-		discover_homeserver::{self, HomeserverInfo, SlidingSyncProxyInfo},
-		discover_support::{self, Contact},
-	},
-	error::ErrorKind,
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result};
+use ruma::api::client::discovery::{
+	discover_homeserver::{self, HomeserverInfo, SlidingSyncProxyInfo},
+	discover_support::{self, Contact},
 };

 use crate::Ruma;
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn well_known_client(
 ) -> Result<discover_homeserver::Response> {
 	let client_url = match services.config.well_known.client.as_ref() {
 		| Some(url) => url.to_string(),
-		| None => return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
+		| None => return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
 	};

 	Ok(discover_homeserver::Response {
@@ -27,32 +24,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn well_known_client(
 		identity_server: None,
 		sliding_sync_proxy: Some(SlidingSyncProxyInfo { url: client_url }),
 		tile_server: None,
-		rtc_foci: services
-			.config
-			.matrix_rtc
-			.effective_foci(&services.config.well_known.rtc_focus_server_urls)
-			.to_vec(),
+		rtc_foci: services.config.well_known.rtc_focus_server_urls.clone(),
 	})
 }

-/// # `GET /_matrix/client/v1/rtc/transports`
-/// # `GET /_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc4143/rtc/transports`
-///
-/// Returns the list of MatrixRTC foci (transports) configured for this
-/// homeserver, implementing MSC4143.
-pub(crate) async fn get_rtc_transports(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>,
-	_body: Ruma<ruma::api::client::discovery::get_rtc_transports::Request>,
-) -> Result<ruma::api::client::discovery::get_rtc_transports::Response> {
-	Ok(ruma::api::client::discovery::get_rtc_transports::Response::new(
-		services
-			.config
-			.matrix_rtc
-			.effective_foci(&services.config.well_known.rtc_focus_server_urls)
-			.to_vec(),
-	))
-}
-
 /// # `GET /.well-known/matrix/support`
 ///
 /// Server support contact and support page of a homeserver's domain.
@@ -110,7 +85,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn well_known_support(

 	if contacts.is_empty() && support_page.is_none() {
 		// No admin room, no configured contacts, and no support page
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found."));
+		return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found."));
 	}

 	Ok(discover_support::Response { contacts, support_page })
@@ -127,7 +102,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn syncv3_client_server_json(
 		| Some(url) => url.to_string(),
 		| None => match services.config.well_known.server.as_ref() {
 			| Some(url) => url.to_string(),
-			| None => return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
+			| None => return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
 		},
 	};

--- a/src/api/router.rs
+++ b/src/api/router.rs
@@ -160,10 +160,6 @@ pub fn build(router: Router<State>, server: &Server) -> Router<State> {
 		.ruma_route(&client::update_device_route)
 		.ruma_route(&client::delete_device_route)
 		.ruma_route(&client::delete_devices_route)
-		.ruma_route(&client::put_dehydrated_device_route)
-		.ruma_route(&client::delete_dehydrated_device_route)
-		.ruma_route(&client::get_dehydrated_device_route)
-		.ruma_route(&client::get_dehydrated_events_route)
 		.ruma_route(&client::get_tags_route)
 		.ruma_route(&client::update_tag_route)
 		.ruma_route(&client::delete_tag_route)
@@ -188,7 +184,6 @@ pub fn build(router: Router<State>, server: &Server) -> Router<State> {
 		.ruma_route(&client::put_suspended_status)
 		.ruma_route(&client::well_known_support)
 		.ruma_route(&client::well_known_client)
-		.ruma_route(&client::get_rtc_transports)
 		.route("/_conduwuit/server_version", get(client::conduwuit_server_version))
 		.route("/_continuwuity/server_version", get(client::conduwuit_server_version))
 		.ruma_route(&client::room_initial_sync_route)
--- a/src/api/router/auth.rs
+++ b/src/api/router/auth.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 	headers::{Authorization, authorization::Bearer},
 	typed_header::TypedHeaderRejectionReason,
 };
-use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result, debug_error, err, warn};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug_error, err, warn};
 use futures::{
 	TryFutureExt,
 	future::{
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
 	pin_mut,
 };
 use ruma::{
-	CanonicalJsonObject, CanonicalJsonValue, DeviceId, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName,
-	OwnedUserId, UserId,
+	CanonicalJsonObject, CanonicalJsonValue, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId,
 	api::{
 		AuthScheme, IncomingRequest, Metadata,
 		client::{
@@ -67,17 +66,23 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 	if metadata.authentication == AuthScheme::None {
 		match metadata {
 			| &get_public_rooms::v3::Request::METADATA => {
-				match token {
-					| Token::Appservice(_) | Token::User(_) => {
-						// we should have validated the token above
-						// already
-					},
-					| Token::None | Token::Invalid => {
-						return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-							ErrorKind::MissingToken,
-							"Missing or invalid access token.",
-						));
-					},
+				if !services
+					.server
+					.config
+					.allow_public_room_directory_without_auth
+				{
+					match token {
+						| Token::Appservice(_) | Token::User(_) => {
+							// we should have validated the token above
+							// already
+						},
+						| Token::None | Token::Invalid => {
+							return Err!(BadRequest(
+								ErrorKind::MissingToken,
+								"Missing or invalid access token.",
+							));
+						},
+					}
 				}
 			},
 			| &get_profile::v3::Request::METADATA
@@ -91,7 +96,7 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 							// already
 						},
 						| Token::None | Token::Invalid => {
-							return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+							return Err!(BadRequest(
 								ErrorKind::MissingToken,
 								"Missing or invalid access token.",
 							));
@@ -125,10 +130,10 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 						appservice_info: None,
 					})
 				} else {
-					Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::MissingToken, "Missing access token."))
+					Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::MissingToken, "Missing access token."))
 				}
 			},
-			| _ => Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::MissingToken, "Missing access token.")),
+			| _ => Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::MissingToken, "Missing access token.")),
 		},
 		| (
 			AuthScheme::AccessToken | AuthScheme::AccessTokenOptional | AuthScheme::None,
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 					&ruma::api::client::session::logout::v3::Request::METADATA
 						| &ruma::api::client::session::logout_all::v3::Request::METADATA
 				) {
-					return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+					return Err!(BadRequest(
 						ErrorKind::UserLocked,
 						"This account has been locked.",
 					));
@@ -169,11 +174,11 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 			appservice_info: None,
 		}),
 		| (AuthScheme::ServerSignatures, Token::Appservice(_) | Token::User(_)) =>
-			Err(Error::BadRequest(
+			Err!(BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::Unauthorized,
 				"Only server signatures should be used on this endpoint.",
 			)),
-		| (AuthScheme::AppserviceToken, Token::User(_)) => Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		| (AuthScheme::AppserviceToken, Token::User(_)) => Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::Unauthorized,
 			"Only appservice access tokens should be used on this endpoint.",
 		)),
@@ -191,13 +196,13 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 					appservice_info: None,
 				})
 			} else {
-				Err(Error::BadRequest(
+				Err!(BadRequest(
 					ErrorKind::UnknownToken { soft_logout: false },
 					"Unknown access token.",
 				))
 			}
 		},
-		| (_, Token::Invalid) => Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		| (_, Token::Invalid) => Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::UnknownToken { soft_logout: false },
 			"Unknown access token.",
 		)),
@@ -229,33 +234,10 @@ async fn auth_appservice(
 		return Err!(Request(Exclusive("User is not in namespace.")));
 	}

-	// MSC3202/MSC4190: Handle device_id masquerading for appservices.
-	// The device_id can be provided via `device_id` or
-	// `org.matrix.msc3202.device_id` query parameter.
-	let sender_device = if let Some(ref device_id_str) = request.query.device_id {
-		let device_id: &DeviceId = device_id_str.as_str().into();
-
-		// Verify the device exists for this user
-		if services
-			.users
-			.get_device_metadata(&user_id, device_id)
-			.await
-			.is_err()
-		{
-			return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
-				"Device does not exist for user or appservice cannot masquerade as this device."
-			)));
-		}
-
-		Some(device_id.to_owned())
-	} else {
-		None
-	};
-
 	Ok(Auth {
 		origin: None,
 		sender_user: Some(user_id),
-		sender_device,
+		sender_device: None,
 		appservice_info: Some(*info),
 	})
 }
--- a/src/api/router/request.rs
+++ b/src/api/router/request.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,6 @@
 pub(super) struct QueryParams {
 	pub(super) access_token: Option<String>,
 	pub(super) user_id: Option<String>,
-	/// Device ID for appservice device masquerading (MSC3202/MSC4190).
-	/// Can be provided as `device_id` or `org.matrix.msc3202.device_id`.
-	#[serde(alias = "org.matrix.msc3202.device_id")]
-	pub(super) device_id: Option<String>,
 }

 pub(super) struct Request {
--- a/src/api/server/event_auth.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/event_auth.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 use std::{borrow::Borrow, iter::once};

 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result, info, utils::stream::ReadyExt};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result, err, info, utils::stream::ReadyExt};
 use futures::StreamExt;
-use ruma::{
-	RoomId,
-	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, federation::authorization::get_event_authorization},
-};
+use ruma::{RoomId, api::federation::authorization::get_event_authorization};

 use super::AccessCheck;
 use crate::Ruma;
@@ -47,7 +44,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_authorization_route(
 		.timeline
 		.get_pdu_json(&body.event_id)
 		.await
-		.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Event not found."))?;
+		.map_err(|_| err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Event not found.")))?;

 	let room_id_str = event
 		.get("room_id")
--- a/src/api/server/invite.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/invite.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose};
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, PduEvent, Result, err, error,
+	Err, PduEvent, Result, err, error,
 	matrix::{Event, event::gen_event_id},
 	utils::{self, hash::sha256},
 	warn,
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_invite_route(
 		.await?;

 	if !services.server.supported_room_version(&body.room_version) {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::IncompatibleRoomVersion { room_version: body.room_version.clone() },
 			"Server does not support this room version.",
 		));
--- a/src/api/server/make_join.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/make_join.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::borrow::ToOwned;

 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result, debug, debug_info, info, matrix::pdu::PduBuilder, warn};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug, debug_info, info, matrix::pdu::PduBuilder, warn};
 use conduwuit_service::Services;
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use ruma::{
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_join_event_template_route(

 	let room_version_id = services.rooms.state.get_room_version(&body.room_id).await?;
 	if !body.ver.contains(&room_version_id) {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::IncompatibleRoomVersion { room_version: room_version_id },
 			"Room version not supported.",
 		));
--- a/src/api/server/make_knock.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/make_knock.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use RoomVersionId::*;
 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result, debug_warn, info, matrix::pdu::PduBuilder, warn};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug_warn, info, matrix::pdu::PduBuilder, warn};
 use ruma::{
 	RoomVersionId,
 	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, federation::knock::create_knock_event_template},
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_knock_event_template_route(
 	let room_version_id = services.rooms.state.get_room_version(&body.room_id).await?;

 	if matches!(room_version_id, V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | V6) {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::IncompatibleRoomVersion { room_version: room_version_id },
 			"Room version does not support knocking.",
 		));
 	}

 	if !body.ver.contains(&room_version_id) {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::IncompatibleRoomVersion { room_version: room_version_id },
 			"Your homeserver does not support the features required to knock on this room.",
 		));
--- a/src/api/server/publicrooms.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/publicrooms.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
-use conduwuit::{Error, Result};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, err};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{
 		client::error::ErrorKind,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_route(
 		.config
 		.allow_public_room_directory_over_federation
 	{
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Room directory is not public"));
+		return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Room directory is not public"));
 	}

 	let response = crate::client::get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_route(
 	)
 	.await
 	.map_err(|_| {
-		Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Failed to return this server's public room list.")
+		err!(BadRequest(
+			ErrorKind::Unknown,
+			"Failed to return this server's public room list."
+		))
 	})?;

 	Ok(get_public_rooms_filtered::v1::Response {
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_route(
 		.globals
 		.allow_public_room_directory_over_federation()
 	{
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Room directory is not public"));
+		return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Room directory is not public"));
 	}

 	let response = crate::client::get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
@@ -75,7 +78,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_route(
 	)
 	.await
 	.map_err(|_| {
-		Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Failed to return this server's public room list.")
+		err!(BadRequest(
+			ErrorKind::Unknown,
+			"Failed to return this server's public room list."
+		))
 	})?;

 	Ok(get_public_rooms::v1::Response {
--- a/src/api/server/query.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/query.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Error, Result, err};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, err};
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use get_profile_information::v1::ProfileField;
 use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
@@ -67,17 +67,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_profile_information_route(
 		.config
 		.allow_inbound_profile_lookup_federation_requests
 	{
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
 			"Profile lookup over federation is not allowed on this homeserver.",
 		));
 	}

 	if !services.globals.server_is_ours(body.user_id.server_name()) {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
-			"User does not belong to this server.",
-		));
+		return Err!(
+			BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "User does not belong to this server.",)
+		);
 	}

 	let mut displayname = None;
--- a/src/api/server/send.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/send.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,27 @@
-use std::{
-	collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet},
-	net::IpAddr,
-	time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, net::IpAddr, time::Instant};

 use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduwuit::{
 	Err, Error, Result, debug, debug_warn, err, error,
 	result::LogErr,
-	state_res::lexicographical_topological_sort,
 	trace,
 	utils::{
 		IterStream, ReadyExt, millis_since_unix_epoch,
 		stream::{BroadbandExt, TryBroadbandExt, automatic_width},
 	},
+	warn,
 };
 use conduwuit_service::{
 	Services,
 	sending::{EDU_LIMIT, PDU_LIMIT},
 };
 use futures::{FutureExt, Stream, StreamExt, TryFutureExt, TryStreamExt};
-use http::StatusCode;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ruma::{
-	CanonicalJsonObject, MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, OwnedEventId, OwnedRoomId, OwnedUserId,
-	RoomId, ServerName, UserId,
+	CanonicalJsonObject, OwnedEventId, OwnedRoomId, OwnedUserId, RoomId, ServerName, UserId,
 	api::{
-		client::error::{ErrorKind, ErrorKind::LimitExceeded},
+		client::error::ErrorKind,
 		federation::transactions::{
 			edu::{
 				DeviceListUpdateContent, DirectDeviceContent, Edu, PresenceContent,
@@ -38,16 +32,9 @@
 		},
 	},
 	events::receipt::{ReceiptEvent, ReceiptEventContent, ReceiptType},
-	int,
 	serde::Raw,
 	to_device::DeviceIdOrAllDevices,
-	uint,
 };
-use service::transactions::{
-	FederationTxnState, TransactionError, TxnKey, WrappedTransactionResponse,
-};
-use tokio::sync::watch::{Receiver, Sender};
-use tracing::instrument;

 use crate::Ruma;

@@ -57,6 +44,15 @@
 /// # `PUT /_matrix/federation/v1/send/{txnId}`
 ///
 /// Push EDUs and PDUs to this server.
+#[tracing::instrument(
+	name = "txn",
+	level = "debug",
+	skip_all,
+	fields(
+		%client,
+		origin = body.origin().as_str()
+	),
+)]
 pub(crate) async fn send_transaction_message_route(
 	State(services): State<crate::State>,
 	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
@@ -80,73 +76,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_transaction_message_route(
 		)));
 	}

-	let txn_key = (body.origin().to_owned(), body.transaction_id.clone());
-
-	// Atomically check cache, join active, or start new transaction
-	match services
-		.transactions
-		.get_or_start_federation_txn(txn_key.clone())?
-	{
-		| FederationTxnState::Cached(response) => {
-			// Already responded
-			Ok(response)
-		},
-		| FederationTxnState::Active(receiver) => {
-			// Another thread is processing
-			wait_for_result(receiver).await
-		},
-		| FederationTxnState::Started { receiver, sender } => {
-			// We're the first, spawn the processing task
-			services
-				.server
-				.runtime()
-				.spawn(process_inbound_transaction(services, body, client, txn_key, sender));
-			// and wait for it
-			wait_for_result(receiver).await
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-async fn wait_for_result(
-	mut recv: Receiver<WrappedTransactionResponse>,
-) -> Result<send_transaction_message::v1::Response> {
-	if tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(50), recv.changed())
-		.await
-		.is_err()
-	{
-		// Took too long, return 429 to encourage the sender to try again
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			LimitExceeded { retry_after: None },
-			"Transaction is being still being processed. Please try again later.",
-		));
-	}
-	let value = recv.borrow_and_update();
-	match value.clone() {
-		| Some(Ok(response)) => Ok(response),
-		| Some(Err(err)) => Err(transaction_error_to_response(&err)),
-		| None => Err(Error::Request(
-			ErrorKind::Unknown,
-			"Transaction processing failed unexpectedly".into(),
-			StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-		)),
-	}
-}
-
-#[instrument(
-	skip_all,
-	fields(
-		id = ?body.transaction_id.as_str(),
-		origin = ?body.origin()
-	)
-)]
-async fn process_inbound_transaction(
-	services: crate::State,
-	body: Ruma<send_transaction_message::v1::Request>,
-	client: IpAddr,
-	txn_key: TxnKey,
-	sender: Sender<WrappedTransactionResponse>,
-) {
 	let txn_start_time = Instant::now();
+	trace!(
+		pdus = body.pdus.len(),
+		edus = body.edus.len(),
+		elapsed = ?txn_start_time.elapsed(),
+		id = %body.transaction_id,
+		origin = %body.origin(),
+		"Starting txn",
+	);
+
 	let pdus = body
 		.pdus
 		.iter()
@@ -163,79 +102,40 @@ async fn process_inbound_transaction(
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 		.stream();

-	debug!(pdus = body.pdus.len(), edus = body.edus.len(), "Processing transaction",);
-	let results = match handle(&services, &client, body.origin(), pdus, edus).await {
-		| Ok(results) => results,
-		| Err(err) => {
-			fail_federation_txn(services, &txn_key, &sender, err);
-			return;
-		},
-	};
-
-	for (id, result) in &results {
-		if let Err(e) = result {
-			if matches!(e, Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, _)) {
-				debug_warn!("Incoming PDU failed {id}: {e:?}");
-			}
-		}
-	}
+	let results = handle(&services, &client, body.origin(), txn_start_time, pdus, edus).await?;

 	debug!(
 		pdus = body.pdus.len(),
 		edus = body.edus.len(),
 		elapsed = ?txn_start_time.elapsed(),
-		"Finished processing transaction"
+		id = %body.transaction_id,
+		origin = %body.origin(),
+		"Finished txn",
 	);
+	for (id, result) in &results {
+		if let Err(e) = result {
+			if matches!(e, Error::BadRequest { kind: ErrorKind::NotFound, .. }) {
+				warn!("Incoming PDU failed {id}: {e:?}");
+			}
+		}
+	}

-	let response = send_transaction_message::v1::Response {
+	Ok(send_transaction_message::v1::Response {
 		pdus: results
 			.into_iter()
 			.map(|(e, r)| (e, r.map_err(error::sanitized_message)))
 			.collect(),
-	};
-
-	services
-		.transactions
-		.finish_federation_txn(txn_key, sender, response);
+	})
 }

-/// Handles a failed federation transaction by sending the error through
-/// the channel and cleaning up the transaction state. This allows waiters to
-/// receive an appropriate error response.
-fn fail_federation_txn(
-	services: crate::State,
-	txn_key: &TxnKey,
-	sender: &Sender<WrappedTransactionResponse>,
-	err: TransactionError,
-) {
-	debug!("Transaction failed: {err}");
-
-	// Remove from active state so the transaction can be retried
-	services.transactions.remove_federation_txn(txn_key);
-
-	// Send the error to any waiters
-	if let Err(e) = sender.send(Some(Err(err))) {
-		debug_warn!("Failed to send transaction error to receivers: {e}");
-	}
-}
-
-/// Converts a TransactionError into an appropriate HTTP error response.
-fn transaction_error_to_response(err: &TransactionError) -> Error {
-	match err {
-		| TransactionError::ShuttingDown => Error::Request(
-			ErrorKind::Unknown,
-			"Server is shutting down, please retry later".into(),
-			StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
-		),
-	}
-}
 async fn handle(
 	services: &Services,
 	client: &IpAddr,
 	origin: &ServerName,
+	started: Instant,
 	pdus: impl Stream<Item = Pdu> + Send,
 	edus: impl Stream<Item = Edu> + Send,
-) -> std::result::Result<ResolvedMap, TransactionError> {
+) -> Result<ResolvedMap> {
 	// group pdus by room
 	let pdus = pdus
 		.collect()
@@ -252,7 +152,7 @@ async fn handle(
 		.into_iter()
 		.try_stream()
 		.broad_and_then(|(room_id, pdus): (_, Vec<_>)| {
-			handle_room(services, client, origin, room_id, pdus.into_iter())
+			handle_room(services, client, origin, started, room_id, pdus.into_iter())
 				.map_ok(Vec::into_iter)
 				.map_ok(IterStream::try_stream)
 		})
@@ -269,51 +169,14 @@ async fn handle(
 	Ok(results)
 }

-/// Attempts to build a localised directed acyclic graph out of the given PDUs,
-/// returning them in a topologically sorted order.
-///
-/// This is used to attempt to process PDUs in an order that respects their
-/// dependencies, however it is ultimately the sender's responsibility to send
-/// them in a processable order, so this is just a best effort attempt. It does
-/// not account for power levels or other tie breaks.
-async fn build_local_dag(
-	pdu_map: &HashMap<OwnedEventId, CanonicalJsonObject>,
-) -> Result<Vec<OwnedEventId>> {
-	debug_assert!(pdu_map.len() >= 2, "needless call to build_local_dag with less than 2 PDUs");
-	let mut dag: HashMap<OwnedEventId, HashSet<OwnedEventId>> = HashMap::new();
-
-	for (event_id, value) in pdu_map {
-		let prev_events = value
-			.get("prev_events")
-			.expect("pdu must have prev_events")
-			.as_array()
-			.expect("prev_events must be an array")
-			.iter()
-			.map(|v| {
-				OwnedEventId::parse(v.as_str().expect("prev_events values must be strings"))
-					.expect("prev_events must be valid event IDs")
-			})
-			.collect::<HashSet<OwnedEventId>>();
-
-		dag.insert(event_id.clone(), prev_events);
-	}
-	lexicographical_topological_sort(&dag, &|_| async {
-		// Note: we don't bother fetching power levels because that would massively slow
-		// this function down. This is a best-effort attempt to order events correctly
-		// for processing, however ultimately that should be the sender's job.
-		Ok((int!(0), MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch(uint!(0))))
-	})
-	.await
-	.map_err(|e| err!("failed to resolve local graph: {e}"))
-}
-
 async fn handle_room(
 	services: &Services,
 	_client: &IpAddr,
 	origin: &ServerName,
+	txn_start_time: Instant,
 	room_id: OwnedRoomId,
 	pdus: impl Iterator<Item = Pdu> + Send,
-) -> std::result::Result<Vec<(OwnedEventId, Result)>, TransactionError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<(OwnedEventId, Result)>> {
 	let _room_lock = services
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
@@ -322,40 +185,27 @@ async fn handle_room(
 		.await;

 	let room_id = &room_id;
-	let pdu_map: HashMap<OwnedEventId, CanonicalJsonObject> = pdus
-		.into_iter()
-		.map(|(_, event_id, value)| (event_id, value))
-		.collect();
-	// Try to sort PDUs by their dependencies, but fall back to arbitrary order on
-	// failure (e.g., cycles). This is best-effort; proper ordering is the sender's
-	// responsibility.
-	let sorted_event_ids = if pdu_map.len() >= 2 {
-		build_local_dag(&pdu_map).await.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-			debug_warn!("Failed to build local DAG for room {room_id}: {e}");
-			pdu_map.keys().cloned().collect()
+	pdus.try_stream()
+		.and_then(|(_, event_id, value)| async move {
+			services.server.check_running()?;
+			let pdu_start_time = Instant::now();
+			let result = services
+				.rooms
+				.event_handler
+				.handle_incoming_pdu(origin, room_id, &event_id, value, true)
+				.await
+				.map(|_| ());
+
+			debug!(
+				pdu_elapsed = ?pdu_start_time.elapsed(),
+				txn_elapsed = ?txn_start_time.elapsed(),
+				"Finished PDU {event_id}",
+			);
+
+			Ok((event_id, result))
 		})
-	} else {
-		pdu_map.keys().cloned().collect()
-	};
-	let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(sorted_event_ids.len());
-	for event_id in sorted_event_ids {
-		let value = pdu_map
-			.get(&event_id)
-			.expect("sorted event IDs must be from the original map")
-			.clone();
-		services
-			.server
-			.check_running()
-			.map_err(|_| TransactionError::ShuttingDown)?;
-		let result = services
-			.rooms
-			.event_handler
-			.handle_incoming_pdu(origin, room_id, &event_id, value, true)
-			.await
-			.map(|_| ());
-		results.push((event_id, result));
-	}
-	Ok(results)
+		.try_collect()
+		.await
 }

 async fn handle_edu(services: &Services, client: &IpAddr, origin: &ServerName, edu: Edu) {
@@ -628,8 +478,8 @@ async fn handle_edu_direct_to_device(

 	// Check if this is a new transaction id
 	if services
-		.transactions
-		.get_client_txn(sender, None, message_id)
+		.transaction_ids
+		.existing_txnid(sender, None, message_id)
 		.await
 		.is_ok()
 	{
@@ -648,8 +498,8 @@ async fn handle_edu_direct_to_device(

 	// Save transaction id with empty data
 	services
-		.transactions
-		.add_client_txnid(sender, None, message_id, &[]);
+		.transaction_ids
+		.add_txnid(sender, None, message_id, &[]);
 }

 async fn handle_edu_direct_to_device_user<Event: Send + Sync>(
--- a/src/api/server/user.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/user.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::time::Duration;

 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Error, Result};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result};
 use futures::{FutureExt, StreamExt, TryFutureExt};
 use ruma::api::{
 	client::error::ErrorKind,
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_devices_route(
 	body: Ruma<get_devices::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_devices::v1::Response> {
 	if !services.globals.user_is_local(&body.user_id) {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
 			"Tried to access user from other server.",
 		));
@@ -86,10 +86,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_route(
 		.iter()
 		.any(|(u, _)| !services.globals.user_is_local(u))
 	{
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
-			"User does not belong to this server.",
-		));
+		return Err!(
+			BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "User does not belong to this server.",)
+		);
 	}

 	let result = get_keys_helper(
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn claim_keys_route(
 		.iter()
 		.any(|(u, _)| !services.globals.user_is_local(u))
 	{
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
+		return Err!(BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
 			"Tried to access user from other server.",
 		));
--- a/src/api/server/well_known.rs
+++ b/src/api/server/well_known.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use axum::extract::State;
-use conduwuit::{Error, Result};
-use ruma::api::{client::error::ErrorKind, federation::discovery::discover_homeserver};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result};
+use ruma::api::federation::discovery::discover_homeserver;

 use crate::Ruma;

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn well_known_server(
 	Ok(discover_homeserver::Response {
 		server: match services.server.config.well_known.server.as_ref() {
 			| Some(server_name) => server_name.to_owned(),
-			| None => return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
+			| None => return Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
 		},
 	})
 }
--- a/src/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -98,7 +98,8 @@ serde-saphyr.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
 smallvec.workspace = true
 smallstr.workspace = true
-thiserror.workspace = true
+snafu.workspace = true
+paste.workspace = true
 tikv-jemallocator.optional = true
 tikv-jemallocator.workspace = true
 tikv-jemalloc-ctl.optional = true
--- a/src/core/config/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/config/mod.rs
@@ -368,31 +368,6 @@ pub struct Config {
 	#[serde(default = "default_max_fetch_prev_events")]
 	pub max_fetch_prev_events: u16,

-	/// How many incoming federation transactions the server is willing to be
-	/// processing at any given time before it becomes overloaded and starts
-	/// rejecting further transactions until some slots become available.
-	///
-	/// Setting this value too low or too high may result in unstable
-	/// federation, and setting it too high may cause runaway resource usage.
-	///
-	/// default: 150
-	#[serde(default = "default_max_concurrent_inbound_transactions")]
-	pub max_concurrent_inbound_transactions: usize,
-
-	/// Maximum age (in seconds) for cached federation transaction responses.
-	/// Entries older than this will be removed during cleanup.
-	///
-	/// default: 7200 (2 hours)
-	#[serde(default = "default_transaction_id_cache_max_age_secs")]
-	pub transaction_id_cache_max_age_secs: u64,
-
-	/// Maximum number of cached federation transaction responses.
-	/// When the cache exceeds this limit, older entries will be removed.
-	///
-	/// default: 8192
-	#[serde(default = "default_transaction_id_cache_max_entries")]
-	pub transaction_id_cache_max_entries: usize,
-
 	/// Default/base connection timeout (seconds). This is used only by URL
 	/// previews and update/news endpoint checks.
 	///
@@ -678,6 +653,12 @@ pub struct Config {
 	#[serde(default)]
 	pub allow_public_room_directory_over_federation: bool,

+	/// Set this to true to allow your server's public room directory to be
+	/// queried without client authentication (access token) through the Client
+	/// APIs. Set this to false to protect against /publicRooms spiders.
+	#[serde(default)]
+	pub allow_public_room_directory_without_auth: bool,
+
 	/// Allow guests/unauthenticated users to access TURN credentials.
 	///
 	/// This is the equivalent of Synapse's `turn_allow_guests` config option.
@@ -2080,12 +2061,6 @@ pub struct Config {
 	/// display: nested
 	#[serde(default)]
 	pub blurhashing: BlurhashConfig,
-
-	/// Configuration for MatrixRTC (MSC4143) transport discovery.
-	/// display: nested
-	#[serde(default)]
-	pub matrix_rtc: MatrixRtcConfig,
-
 	#[serde(flatten)]
 	#[allow(clippy::zero_sized_map_values)]
 	// this is a catchall, the map shouldn't be zero at runtime
@@ -2151,16 +2126,17 @@ pub struct WellKnownConfig {
 	/// listed.
 	pub support_mxid: Option<OwnedUserId>,

-	/// **DEPRECATED**: Use `[global.matrix_rtc].foci` instead.
-	///
 	/// A list of MatrixRTC foci URLs which will be served as part of the
-	/// MSC4143 client endpoint at /.well-known/matrix/client.
+	/// MSC4143 client endpoint at /.well-known/matrix/client.  If you're
+	/// setting up livekit, you'd want something like:
+	/// rtc_focus_server_urls = [
+	///     { type = "livekit", livekit_service_url = "https://livekit.example.com" },
+	/// ]
 	///
-	/// This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
-	/// Please migrate to the new `[global.matrix_rtc]` config section.
+	/// To disable, set this to be an empty vector (`[]`).
 	///
 	/// default: []
-	#[serde(default)]
+	#[serde(default = "default_rtc_focus_urls")]
 	pub rtc_focus_server_urls: Vec<RtcFocusInfo>,
 }

@@ -2189,43 +2165,6 @@ pub struct BlurhashConfig {
 	pub blurhash_max_raw_size: u64,
 }

-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Default)]
-#[config_example_generator(filename = "conduwuit-example.toml", section = "global.matrix_rtc")]
-pub struct MatrixRtcConfig {
-	/// A list of MatrixRTC foci (transports) which will be served via the
-	/// MSC4143 RTC transports endpoint at
-	/// `/_matrix/client/v1/rtc/transports`. If you're setting up livekit,
-	/// you'd want something like:
-	/// ```toml
-	/// [global.matrix_rtc]
-	/// foci = [
-	///     { type = "livekit", livekit_service_url = "https://livekit.example.com" },
-	/// ]
-	/// ```
-	///
-	/// To disable, set this to an empty list (`[]`).
-	///
-	/// default: []
-	#[serde(default)]
-	pub foci: Vec<RtcFocusInfo>,
-}
-
-impl MatrixRtcConfig {
-	/// Returns the effective foci, falling back to the deprecated
-	/// `rtc_focus_server_urls` if the new config is empty.
-	#[must_use]
-	pub fn effective_foci<'a>(
-		&'a self,
-		deprecated_foci: &'a [RtcFocusInfo],
-	) -> &'a [RtcFocusInfo] {
-		if !self.foci.is_empty() {
-			&self.foci
-		} else {
-			deprecated_foci
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize)]
 #[config_example_generator(filename = "conduwuit-example.toml", section = "global.ldap")]
 pub struct LdapConfig {
@@ -2419,7 +2358,6 @@ pub struct DraupnirConfig {
 	"well_known_support_email",
 	"well_known_support_mxid",
 	"registration_token_file",
-	"well_known.rtc_focus_server_urls",
 ];

 impl Config {
@@ -2602,12 +2540,6 @@ fn default_pusher_idle_timeout() -> u64 { 15 }

 fn default_max_fetch_prev_events() -> u16 { 192_u16 }

-fn default_max_concurrent_inbound_transactions() -> usize { 150 }
-
-fn default_transaction_id_cache_max_age_secs() -> u64 { 60 * 60 * 2 }
-
-fn default_transaction_id_cache_max_entries() -> usize { 8192 }
-
 fn default_tracing_flame_filter() -> String {
 	cfg!(debug_assertions)
 		.then_some("trace,h2=off")
@@ -2703,6 +2635,9 @@ fn default_rocksdb_stats_level() -> u8 { 1 }
 #[inline]
 pub fn default_default_room_version() -> RoomVersionId { RoomVersionId::V11 }

+#[must_use]
+pub fn default_rtc_focus_urls() -> Vec<RtcFocusInfo> { vec![] }
+
 fn default_ip_range_denylist() -> Vec<String> {
 	vec![
 		"127.0.0.0/8".to_owned(),
--- a/src/core/error/err.rs
+++ b/src/core/error/err.rs
@@ -45,63 +45,162 @@ macro_rules! Err {
 macro_rules! err {
 	(Request(Forbidden($level:ident!($($args:tt)+)))) => {{
 		let mut buf = String::new();
-		$crate::error::Error::Request(
-			$crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::forbidden(),
-			$crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+),
-			$crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST
-		)
+		$crate::error::Error::Request {
+			kind: $crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::forbidden(),
+			message: $crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+),
+			code: $crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+			backtrace: Some($crate::snafu::Backtrace::capture()),
+		}
 	}};

 	(Request(Forbidden($($args:tt)+))) => {
-		$crate::error::Error::Request(
-			$crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::forbidden(),
-			$crate::format_maybe!($($args)+),
-			$crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST
-		)
+		{
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+			$crate::error::Error::Request {
+				kind: $crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::forbidden(),
+				message,
+				code: $crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+				backtrace: Some($crate::snafu::Backtrace::capture()),
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	(Request(NotFound($level:ident!($($args:tt)+)))) => {{
+		let mut buf = String::new();
+		$crate::error::Error::Request {
+			kind: $crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::NotFound,
+			message: $crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+),
+			code: $crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+			backtrace: None,
+		}
+	}};
+
+	(Request(NotFound($($args:tt)+))) => {
+		{
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+			$crate::error::Error::Request {
+				kind: $crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::NotFound,
+				message,
+				code: $crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+				backtrace: None,
+			}
+		}
 	};

 	(Request($variant:ident($level:ident!($($args:tt)+)))) => {{
 		let mut buf = String::new();
-		$crate::error::Error::Request(
-			$crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::$variant,
-			$crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+),
-			$crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST
-		)
+		$crate::error::Error::Request {
+			kind: $crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::$variant,
+			message: $crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+),
+			code: $crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+			backtrace: Some($crate::snafu::Backtrace::capture()),
+		}
 	}};

 	(Request($variant:ident($($args:tt)+))) => {
-		$crate::error::Error::Request(
-			$crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::$variant,
-			$crate::format_maybe!($($args)+),
-			$crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST
-		)
+		{
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+			$crate::error::Error::Request {
+				kind: $crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::$variant,
+				message,
+				code: $crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+				backtrace: Some($crate::snafu::Backtrace::capture()),
+			}
+		}
 	};

 	(Config($item:literal, $($args:tt)+)) => {{
 		let mut buf = String::new();
-		$crate::error::Error::Config($item, $crate::err_log!(buf, error, config = %$item, $($args)+))
+		$crate::error::ConfigSnafu {
+			directive: $item,
+			message: $crate::err_log!(buf, error, config = %$item, $($args)+),
+		}.build()
 	}};

+	(BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, $($args:tt)+)) => {
+		{
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+			$crate::error::Error::Request {
+				kind: $crate::ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::NotFound,
+				message,
+				code: $crate::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+				backtrace: None,
+			}
+		}
+	};
+
+	(BadRequest($kind:expr, $($args:tt)+)) => {
+		{
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+			$crate::error::BadRequestSnafu {
+				kind: $kind,
+				message,
+			}.build()
+		}
+	};
+
+	(FeatureDisabled($($args:tt)+)) => {
+		{
+			let feature: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+			$crate::error::FeatureDisabledSnafu { feature }.build()
+		}
+	};
+
+	(Federation($server:expr, $error:expr $(,)?)) => {
+		{
+			$crate::error::FederationSnafu {
+				server: $server,
+				error: $error,
+			}.build()
+		}
+	};
+
+	(InconsistentRoomState($message:expr, $room_id:expr $(,)?)) => {
+		{
+			$crate::error::InconsistentRoomStateSnafu {
+				message: $message,
+				room_id: $room_id,
+			}.build()
+		}
+	};
+
+	(Uiaa($info:expr $(,)?)) => {
+		{
+			$crate::error::UiaaSnafu {
+				info: $info,
+			}.build()
+		}
+	};
+
 	($variant:ident($level:ident!($($args:tt)+))) => {{
 		let mut buf = String::new();
-		$crate::error::Error::$variant($crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+))
+		$crate::paste::paste! {
+			$crate::error::[<$variant Snafu>] {
+				message: $crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+),
+			}.build()
+		}
 	}};

-	($variant:ident($($args:ident),+)) => {
-		$crate::error::Error::$variant($($args),+)
-	};
-
 	($variant:ident($($args:tt)+)) => {
-		$crate::error::Error::$variant($crate::format_maybe!($($args)+))
+		$crate::paste::paste! {
+			{
+				let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+				$crate::error::[<$variant Snafu>] { message }.build()
+			}
+		}
 	};

 	($level:ident!($($args:tt)+)) => {{
 		let mut buf = String::new();
-		$crate::error::Error::Err($crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+))
+		let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::err_log!(buf, $level, $($args)+);
+		$crate::error::ErrSnafu { message }.build()
 	}};

 	($($args:tt)+) => {
-		$crate::error::Error::Err($crate::format_maybe!($($args)+))
+		{
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = $crate::format_maybe!($($args)+);
+			$crate::error::ErrSnafu { message }.build()
+		}
 	};
 }

@@ -134,7 +233,7 @@ macro_rules! err_log {
 		};

 		($crate::error::visit)(&mut $out, LEVEL, &__CALLSITE, &mut valueset_all!(__CALLSITE.metadata().fields(), $($fields)+));
-		($out).into()
+		std::borrow::Cow::<'static, str>::from($out)
 	}}
 }

--- a/src/core/error/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/error/mod.rs
@@ -6,151 +6,391 @@

 use std::{any::Any, borrow::Cow, convert::Infallible, sync::PoisonError};

+use snafu::{IntoError, prelude::*};
+
 pub use self::{err::visit, log::*};

-#[derive(thiserror::Error)]
+#[derive(Debug, Snafu)]
+#[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 pub enum Error {
-	#[error("PANIC!")]
-	PanicAny(Box<dyn Any + Send>),
-	#[error("PANIC! {0}")]
-	Panic(&'static str, Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>),
+	#[snafu(display("PANIC!"))]
+	PanicAny {
+		panic: Box<dyn Any + Send>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("PANIC! {message}"))]
+	Panic {
+		message: &'static str,
+		panic: Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},

 	// std
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Fmt(#[from] std::fmt::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	FromUtf8(#[from] std::string::FromUtf8Error),
-	#[error("I/O error: {0}")]
-	Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	ParseFloat(#[from] std::num::ParseFloatError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	ParseInt(#[from] std::num::ParseIntError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Std(#[from] Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send>),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	ThreadAccessError(#[from] std::thread::AccessError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	TryFromInt(#[from] std::num::TryFromIntError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	TryFromSlice(#[from] std::array::TryFromSliceError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Utf8(#[from] std::str::Utf8Error),
+	#[snafu(display("Format error: {source}"))]
+	Fmt {
+		source: std::fmt::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("UTF-8 conversion error: {source}"))]
+	FromUtf8 {
+		source: std::string::FromUtf8Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("I/O error: {source}"))]
+	Io {
+		source: std::io::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Parse float error: {source}"))]
+	ParseFloat {
+		source: std::num::ParseFloatError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Parse int error: {source}"))]
+	ParseInt {
+		source: std::num::ParseIntError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Error: {source}"))]
+	Std {
+		source: Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Thread access error: {source}"))]
+	ThreadAccessError {
+		source: std::thread::AccessError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Integer conversion error: {source}"))]
+	TryFromInt {
+		source: std::num::TryFromIntError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Slice conversion error: {source}"))]
+	TryFromSlice {
+		source: std::array::TryFromSliceError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("UTF-8 error: {source}"))]
+	Utf8 {
+		source: std::str::Utf8Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},

 	// third-party
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	CapacityError(#[from] arrayvec::CapacityError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	CargoToml(#[from] cargo_toml::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Clap(#[from] clap::error::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Extension(#[from] axum::extract::rejection::ExtensionRejection),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Figment(#[from] figment::error::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Http(#[from] http::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	HttpHeader(#[from] http::header::InvalidHeaderValue),
-	#[error("Join error: {0}")]
-	JoinError(#[from] tokio::task::JoinError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Json(#[from] serde_json::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	JsParseInt(#[from] ruma::JsParseIntError), // js_int re-export
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	JsTryFromInt(#[from] ruma::JsTryFromIntError), // js_int re-export
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Path(#[from] axum::extract::rejection::PathRejection),
-	#[error("Mutex poisoned: {0}")]
-	Poison(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error("Regex error: {0}")]
-	Regex(#[from] regex::Error),
-	#[error("Request error: {0}")]
-	Reqwest(#[from] reqwest::Error),
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	SerdeDe(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	SerdeSer(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	TomlDe(#[from] toml::de::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	TomlSer(#[from] toml::ser::Error),
-	#[error("Tracing filter error: {0}")]
-	TracingFilter(#[from] tracing_subscriber::filter::ParseError),
-	#[error("Tracing reload error: {0}")]
-	TracingReload(#[from] tracing_subscriber::reload::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	TypedHeader(#[from] axum_extra::typed_header::TypedHeaderRejection),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	YamlDe(#[from] serde_saphyr::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	YamlSer(#[from] serde_saphyr::ser_error::Error),
+	#[snafu(display("Capacity error: {source}"))]
+	CapacityError {
+		source: arrayvec::CapacityError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Cargo.toml error: {source}"))]
+	CargoToml {
+		source: cargo_toml::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Clap error: {source}"))]
+	Clap {
+		source: clap::error::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Extension rejection: {source}"))]
+	Extension {
+		source: axum::extract::rejection::ExtensionRejection,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Figment error: {source}"))]
+	Figment {
+		source: figment::error::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("HTTP error: {source}"))]
+	Http {
+		source: http::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Invalid HTTP header value: {source}"))]
+	HttpHeader {
+		source: http::header::InvalidHeaderValue,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Join error: {source}"))]
+	JoinError {
+		source: tokio::task::JoinError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("JSON error: {source}"))]
+	Json {
+		source: serde_json::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("JS parse int error: {source}"))]
+	JsParseInt {
+		source: ruma::JsParseIntError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("JS try from int error: {source}"))]
+	JsTryFromInt {
+		source: ruma::JsTryFromIntError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Path rejection: {source}"))]
+	Path {
+		source: axum::extract::rejection::PathRejection,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Mutex poisoned: {message}"))]
+	Poison {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Regex error: {source}"))]
+	Regex {
+		source: regex::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Request error: {source}"))]
+	Reqwest {
+		source: reqwest::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{message}"))]
+	SerdeDe {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{message}"))]
+	SerdeSer {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("TOML deserialization error: {source}"))]
+	TomlDe {
+		source: toml::de::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("TOML serialization error: {source}"))]
+	TomlSer {
+		source: toml::ser::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Tracing filter error: {source}"))]
+	TracingFilter {
+		source: tracing_subscriber::filter::ParseError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Tracing reload error: {source}"))]
+	TracingReload {
+		source: tracing_subscriber::reload::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Typed header rejection: {source}"))]
+	TypedHeader {
+		source: axum_extra::typed_header::TypedHeaderRejection,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("YAML deserialization error: {source}"))]
+	YamlDe {
+		source: serde_saphyr::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("YAML serialization error: {source}"))]
+	YamlSer {
+		source: serde_saphyr::ser_error::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},

 	// ruma/conduwuit
-	#[error("Arithmetic operation failed: {0}")]
-	Arithmetic(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error("{0}: {1}")]
-	BadRequest(ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind, &'static str), //TODO: remove
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	BadServerResponse(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	CanonicalJson(#[from] ruma::CanonicalJsonError),
-	#[error("There was a problem with the '{0}' directive in your configuration: {1}")]
-	Config(&'static str, Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	Conflict(Cow<'static, str>), // This is only needed for when a room alias already exists
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	ContentDisposition(#[from] ruma::http_headers::ContentDispositionParseError),
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	Database(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error("Feature '{0}' is not available on this server.")]
-	FeatureDisabled(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error("Remote server {0} responded with: {1}")]
-	Federation(ruma::OwnedServerName, ruma::api::client::error::Error),
-	#[error("{0} in {1}")]
-	InconsistentRoomState(&'static str, ruma::OwnedRoomId),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	IntoHttp(#[from] ruma::api::error::IntoHttpError),
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	Ldap(Cow<'static, str>),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Mxc(#[from] ruma::MxcUriError),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Mxid(#[from] ruma::IdParseError),
-	#[error("from {0}: {1}")]
-	Redaction(ruma::OwnedServerName, ruma::canonical_json::RedactionError),
-	#[error("{0}: {1}")]
-	Request(ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind, Cow<'static, str>, http::StatusCode),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Ruma(#[from] ruma::api::client::error::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	Signatures(#[from] ruma::signatures::Error),
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	StateRes(#[from] crate::state_res::Error),
-	#[error("uiaa")]
-	Uiaa(ruma::api::client::uiaa::UiaaInfo),
+	#[snafu(display("Arithmetic operation failed: {message}"))]
+	Arithmetic {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{kind}: {message}"))]
+	BadRequest {
+		kind: ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind,
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{message}"))]
+	BadServerResponse {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Canonical JSON error: {source}"))]
+	CanonicalJson {
+		source: ruma::CanonicalJsonError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display(
+		"There was a problem with the '{directive}' directive in your configuration: {message}"
+	))]
+	Config {
+		directive: &'static str,
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{message}"))]
+	Conflict {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Content disposition error: {source}"))]
+	ContentDisposition {
+		source: ruma::http_headers::ContentDispositionParseError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{message}"))]
+	Database {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Feature '{feature}' is not available on this server."))]
+	FeatureDisabled {
+		feature: Cow<'static, str>,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Remote server {server} responded with: {error}"))]
+	Federation {
+		server: ruma::OwnedServerName,
+		error: ruma::api::client::error::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{message} in {room_id}"))]
+	InconsistentRoomState {
+		message: &'static str,
+		room_id: ruma::OwnedRoomId,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("HTTP conversion error: {source}"))]
+	IntoHttp {
+		source: ruma::api::error::IntoHttpError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{message}"))]
+	Ldap {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("MXC URI error: {source}"))]
+	Mxc {
+		source: ruma::MxcUriError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Matrix ID parse error: {source}"))]
+	Mxid {
+		source: ruma::IdParseError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("from {server}: {error}"))]
+	Redaction {
+		server: ruma::OwnedServerName,
+		error: ruma::canonical_json::RedactionError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("{kind}: {message}"))]
+	Request {
+		kind: ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind,
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		code: http::StatusCode,
+		backtrace: Option<snafu::Backtrace>,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Ruma error: {source}"))]
+	Ruma {
+		source: ruma::api::client::error::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("Signature error: {source}"))]
+	Signatures {
+		source: ruma::signatures::Error,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("State resolution error: {source}"))]
+	#[snafu(context(false))]
+	StateRes {
+		source: crate::state_res::Error,
+	},
+
+	#[snafu(display("uiaa"))]
+	Uiaa {
+		info: ruma::api::client::uiaa::UiaaInfo,
+	},

 	// unique / untyped
-	#[error("{0}")]
-	Err(Cow<'static, str>),
+	#[snafu(display("{message}"))]
+	Err {
+		message: Cow<'static, str>,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
 }

 impl Error {
 	#[inline]
 	#[must_use]
-	pub fn from_errno() -> Self { Self::Io(std::io::Error::last_os_error()) }
+	pub fn from_errno() -> Self { IoSnafu {}.into_error(std::io::Error::last_os_error()) }

 	//#[deprecated]
+	#[must_use] 
 	pub fn bad_database(message: &'static str) -> Self {
-		crate::err!(Database(error!("{message}")))
+		let message: Cow<'static, str> = message.into();
+		DatabaseSnafu { message }.build()
 	}

 	/// Sanitizes public-facing errors that can leak sensitive information.
 	pub fn sanitized_message(&self) -> String {
 		match self {
-			| Self::Database(..) => String::from("Database error occurred."),
-			| Self::Io(..) => String::from("I/O error occurred."),
+			| Self::Database { .. } => String::from("Database error occurred."),
+			| Self::Io { .. } => String::from("I/O error occurred."),
 			| _ => self.message(),
 		}
 	}
@@ -158,8 +398,8 @@ pub fn sanitized_message(&self) -> String {
 	/// Generate the error message string.
 	pub fn message(&self) -> String {
 		match self {
-			| Self::Federation(origin, error) => format!("Answer from {origin}: {error}"),
-			| Self::Ruma(error) => response::ruma_error_message(error),
+			| Self::Federation { server, error, .. } => format!("Answer from {server}: {error}"),
+			| Self::Ruma { source, .. } => response::ruma_error_message(source),
 			| _ => format!("{self}"),
 		}
 	}
@@ -170,10 +410,10 @@ pub fn kind(&self) -> ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind {
 		use ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind::{FeatureDisabled, Unknown};

 		match self {
-			| Self::Federation(_, error) | Self::Ruma(error) =>
-				response::ruma_error_kind(error).clone(),
-			| Self::BadRequest(kind, ..) | Self::Request(kind, ..) => kind.clone(),
-			| Self::FeatureDisabled(..) => FeatureDisabled,
+			| Self::Federation { error, .. } => response::ruma_error_kind(error).clone(),
+			| Self::Ruma { source, .. } => response::ruma_error_kind(source).clone(),
+			| Self::BadRequest { kind, .. } | Self::Request { kind, .. } => kind.clone(),
+			| Self::FeatureDisabled { .. } => FeatureDisabled,
 			| _ => Unknown,
 		}
 	}
@@ -184,13 +424,15 @@ pub fn status_code(&self) -> http::StatusCode {
 		use http::StatusCode;

 		match self {
-			| Self::Federation(_, error) | Self::Ruma(error) => error.status_code,
-			| Self::Request(kind, _, code) => response::status_code(kind, *code),
-			| Self::BadRequest(kind, ..) => response::bad_request_code(kind),
-			| Self::FeatureDisabled(..) => response::bad_request_code(&self.kind()),
-			| Self::Reqwest(error) => error.status().unwrap_or(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR),
-			| Self::Conflict(_) => StatusCode::CONFLICT,
-			| Self::Io(error) => response::io_error_code(error.kind()),
+			| Self::Federation { error, .. } => error.status_code,
+			| Self::Ruma { source, .. } => source.status_code,
+			| Self::Request { kind, code, .. } => response::status_code(kind, *code),
+			| Self::BadRequest { kind, .. } => response::bad_request_code(kind),
+			| Self::FeatureDisabled { .. } => response::bad_request_code(&self.kind()),
+			| Self::Reqwest { source, .. } =>
+				source.status().unwrap_or(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR),
+			| Self::Conflict { .. } => StatusCode::CONFLICT,
+			| Self::Io { source, .. } => response::io_error_code(source.kind()),
 			| _ => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
 		}
 	}
@@ -203,16 +445,46 @@ pub fn status_code(&self) -> http::StatusCode {
 	pub fn is_not_found(&self) -> bool { self.status_code() == http::StatusCode::NOT_FOUND }
 }

-impl std::fmt::Debug for Error {
-	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-		write!(f, "{}", self.message())
-	}
+// Debug is already derived by Snafu
+
+/// Macro to reduce boilerplate for From implementations using Snafu context
+macro_rules! impl_from_snafu {
+	($source_ty:ty => $context:ident) => {
+		impl From<$source_ty> for Error {
+			fn from(source: $source_ty) -> Self { $context.into_error(source) }
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+/// Macro for From impls that format messages into ErrSnafu or other
+/// message-based contexts
+macro_rules! impl_from_message {
+	($source_ty:ty => $context:ident, $msg:expr) => {
+		impl From<$source_ty> for Error {
+			fn from(source: $source_ty) -> Self {
+				let message: Cow<'static, str> = format!($msg, source).into();
+				$context { message }.build()
+			}
+		}
+	};
+}
+
+/// Macro for From impls with constant messages (no formatting)
+macro_rules! impl_from_const_message {
+	($source_ty:ty => $context:ident, $msg:expr) => {
+		impl From<$source_ty> for Error {
+			fn from(_source: $source_ty) -> Self {
+				let message: Cow<'static, str> = $msg.into();
+				$context { message }.build()
+			}
+		}
+	};
 }

 impl<T> From<PoisonError<T>> for Error {
 	#[cold]
 	#[inline(never)]
-	fn from(e: PoisonError<T>) -> Self { Self::Poison(e.to_string().into()) }
+	fn from(e: PoisonError<T>) -> Self { PoisonSnafu { message: e.to_string() }.build() }
 }

 #[allow(clippy::fallible_impl_from)]
@@ -224,6 +496,43 @@ fn from(_e: Infallible) -> Self {
 	}
 }

+// Implementations using the macro
+impl_from_snafu!(std::io::Error => IoSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(std::string::FromUtf8Error => FromUtf8Snafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(regex::Error => RegexSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(ruma::http_headers::ContentDispositionParseError => ContentDispositionSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(ruma::api::error::IntoHttpError => IntoHttpSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(ruma::JsTryFromIntError => JsTryFromIntSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(ruma::CanonicalJsonError => CanonicalJsonSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(axum::extract::rejection::PathRejection => PathSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(clap::error::Error => ClapSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(ruma::MxcUriError => MxcSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(serde_saphyr::ser_error::Error => YamlSerSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(toml::de::Error => TomlDeSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(http::header::InvalidHeaderValue => HttpHeaderSnafu);
+impl_from_snafu!(serde_json::Error => JsonSnafu);
+
+// Custom implementations using message formatting
+impl_from_const_message!(std::fmt::Error => ErrSnafu, "formatting error");
+impl_from_message!(std::str::Utf8Error => ErrSnafu, "UTF-8 error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(std::num::TryFromIntError => ArithmeticSnafu, "integer conversion error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(tracing_subscriber::reload::Error => ErrSnafu, "tracing reload error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(reqwest::Error => ErrSnafu, "HTTP client error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(ruma::signatures::Error => ErrSnafu, "Signature error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(ruma::IdParseError => ErrSnafu, "ID parse error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(std::num::ParseIntError => ErrSnafu, "Integer parse error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(std::array::TryFromSliceError => ErrSnafu, "Slice conversion error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(tokio::task::JoinError => ErrSnafu, "Task join error: {}");
+impl_from_message!(serde_saphyr::Error => ErrSnafu, "YAML error: {}");
+
+// Generic implementation for CapacityError
+impl<T> From<arrayvec::CapacityError<T>> for Error {
+	fn from(_source: arrayvec::CapacityError<T>) -> Self {
+		let message: Cow<'static, str> = "capacity error: buffer is full".into();
+		ErrSnafu { message }.build()
+	}
+}
+
 #[cold]
 #[inline(never)]
 pub fn infallible(_e: &Infallible) {
--- a/src/core/error/panic.rs
+++ b/src/core/error/panic.rs
@@ -15,13 +15,16 @@ pub fn panic(self) -> ! { panic_any(self.into_panic()) }

 	#[must_use]
 	#[inline]
-	pub fn from_panic(e: Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> Self { Self::Panic(debug::panic_str(&e), e) }
+	pub fn from_panic(e: Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> Self {
+		use super::PanicSnafu;
+		PanicSnafu { message: debug::panic_str(&e), panic: e }.build()
+	}

 	#[inline]
 	pub fn into_panic(self) -> Box<dyn Any + Send + 'static> {
 		match self {
-			| Self::Panic(_, e) | Self::PanicAny(e) => e,
-			| Self::JoinError(e) => e.into_panic(),
+			| Self::Panic { panic, .. } | Self::PanicAny { panic, .. } => panic,
+			| Self::JoinError { source, .. } => source.into_panic(),
 			| _ => Box::new(self),
 		}
 	}
@@ -37,8 +40,8 @@ pub fn panic_str(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
 	#[inline]
 	pub fn is_panic(&self) -> bool {
 		match &self {
-			| Self::Panic(..) | Self::PanicAny(..) => true,
-			| Self::JoinError(e) => e.is_panic(),
+			| Self::Panic { .. } | Self::PanicAny { .. } => true,
+			| Self::JoinError { source, .. } => source.is_panic(),
 			| _ => false,
 		}
 	}
--- a/src/core/error/response.rs
+++ b/src/core/error/response.rs
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ fn into_response(self) -> axum::response::Response {
 impl From<Error> for UiaaResponse {
 	#[inline]
 	fn from(error: Error) -> Self {
-		if let Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo) = error {
-			return Self::AuthResponse(uiaainfo);
+		if let Error::Uiaa { info, .. } = error {
+			return Self::AuthResponse(info);
 		}

 		let body = ErrorBody::Standard {
--- a/src/core/error/serde.rs
+++ b/src/core/error/serde.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,15 @@
 use crate::Error;

 impl de::Error for Error {
-	fn custom<T: Display + ToString>(msg: T) -> Self { Self::SerdeDe(msg.to_string().into()) }
+	fn custom<T: Display + ToString>(msg: T) -> Self {
+		let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = msg.to_string().into();
+		super::SerdeDeSnafu { message }.build()
+	}
 }

 impl ser::Error for Error {
-	fn custom<T: Display + ToString>(msg: T) -> Self { Self::SerdeSer(msg.to_string().into()) }
+	fn custom<T: Display + ToString>(msg: T) -> Self {
+		let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = msg.to_string().into();
+		super::SerdeSerSnafu { message }.build()
+	}
 }
--- a/src/core/info/version.rs
+++ b/src/core/info/version.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 static VERSION: OnceLock<String> = OnceLock::new();
 static VERSION_UA: OnceLock<String> = OnceLock::new();
 static USER_AGENT: OnceLock<String> = OnceLock::new();
-static USER_AGENT_MEDIA: OnceLock<String> = OnceLock::new();

 #[inline]
 #[must_use]
@@ -22,22 +21,14 @@ pub fn name() -> &'static str { BRANDING }

 #[inline]
 pub fn version() -> &'static str { VERSION.get_or_init(init_version) }
-
 #[inline]
 pub fn version_ua() -> &'static str { VERSION_UA.get_or_init(init_version_ua) }

 #[inline]
 pub fn user_agent() -> &'static str { USER_AGENT.get_or_init(init_user_agent) }

-#[inline]
-pub fn user_agent_media() -> &'static str { USER_AGENT_MEDIA.get_or_init(init_user_agent_media) }
-
 fn init_user_agent() -> String { format!("{}/{} (bot; +{WEBSITE})", name(), version_ua()) }

-fn init_user_agent_media() -> String {
-	format!("{}/{} (embedbot; facebookexternalhit/1.1; +{WEBSITE})", name(), version_ua())
-}
-
 fn init_version_ua() -> String {
 	conduwuit_build_metadata::version_tag()
 		.map_or_else(|| SEMANTIC.to_owned(), |extra| format!("{SEMANTIC}+{extra}"))
--- a/src/core/matrix/pdu/redact.rs
+++ b/src/core/matrix/pdu/redact.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use ruma::{RoomVersionId, canonical_json::redact_content_in_place};
 use serde_json::{Value as JsonValue, json, value::to_raw_value};

-use crate::{Error, Result, err, implement};
+use crate::{Result, err, implement};

 #[implement(super::Pdu)]
 pub fn redact(&mut self, room_version_id: &RoomVersionId, reason: JsonValue) -> Result {
@@ -10,8 +10,15 @@ pub fn redact(&mut self, room_version_id: &RoomVersionId, reason: JsonValue) ->
 	let mut content = serde_json::from_str(self.content.get())
 		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson("Failed to deserialize content into type: {e}"))))?;

-	redact_content_in_place(&mut content, room_version_id, self.kind.to_string())
-		.map_err(|e| Error::Redaction(self.sender.server_name().to_owned(), e))?;
+	redact_content_in_place(&mut content, room_version_id, self.kind.to_string()).map_err(
+		|error| {
+			crate::error::RedactionSnafu {
+				server: self.sender.server_name().to_owned(),
+				error,
+			}
+			.build()
+		},
+	)?;

 	let reason = serde_json::to_value(reason).expect("Failed to preserialize reason");

--- a/src/core/matrix/state_res/benches.rs
+++ b/src/core/matrix/state_res/benches.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@

 use crate::{
 	matrix::{Event, Pdu, pdu::EventHash},
-	state_res::{self as state_res, Error, Result, StateMap},
+	state_res::{self as state_res, Error, Result, StateMap, error::NotFoundSnafu},
 };

 static SERVER_TIMESTAMP: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
@@ -170,10 +170,12 @@ fn resolve_deeper_event_set(c: &mut test::Bencher) {
 #[allow(unused)]
 impl<E: Event + Clone> TestStore<E> {
 	fn get_event(&self, room_id: &RoomId, event_id: &EventId) -> Result<E> {
-		self.0
-			.get(event_id)
-			.cloned()
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(format!("{} not found", event_id)))
+		self.0.get(event_id).cloned().ok_or_else(|| {
+			NotFoundSnafu {
+				message: format!("{} not found", event_id),
+			}
+			.build()
+		})
 	}

 	/// Returns the events that correspond to the `event_ids` sorted in the same
--- a/src/core/matrix/state_res/error.rs
+++ b/src/core/matrix/state_res/error.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,40 @@
 use serde_json::Error as JsonError;
-use thiserror::Error;
+use snafu::{IntoError, prelude::*};

 /// Represents the various errors that arise when resolving state.
-#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Snafu)]
+#[snafu(visibility(pub))]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum Error {
 	/// A deserialization error.
-	#[error(transparent)]
-	SerdeJson(#[from] JsonError),
+	#[snafu(display("JSON error: {source}"))]
+	SerdeJson {
+		source: JsonError,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},

 	/// The given option or version is unsupported.
-	#[error("Unsupported room version: {0}")]
-	Unsupported(String),
+	#[snafu(display("Unsupported room version: {version}"))]
+	Unsupported {
+		version: String,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},

 	/// The given event was not found.
-	#[error("Not found error: {0}")]
-	NotFound(String),
+	#[snafu(display("Not found error: {message}"))]
+	NotFound {
+		message: String,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},

 	/// Invalid fields in the given PDU.
-	#[error("Invalid PDU: {0}")]
-	InvalidPdu(String),
+	#[snafu(display("Invalid PDU: {message}"))]
+	InvalidPdu {
+		message: String,
+		backtrace: snafu::Backtrace,
+	},
+}
+
+impl From<serde_json::Error> for Error {
+	fn from(source: serde_json::Error) -> Self { SerdeJsonSnafu.into_error(source) }
 }
--- a/src/core/matrix/state_res/event_auth.rs
+++ b/src/core/matrix/state_res/event_auth.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@

 use super::{
 	Error, Event, Result, StateEventType, StateKey, TimelineEventType,
+	error::InvalidPduSnafu,
 	power_levels::{
 		deserialize_power_levels, deserialize_power_levels_content_fields,
 		deserialize_power_levels_content_invite, deserialize_power_levels_content_redact,
@@ -383,8 +384,8 @@ pub async fn auth_check<E, F, Fut>(
 			return Ok(false);
 		}

-		let target_user =
-			<&UserId>::try_from(state_key).map_err(|e| Error::InvalidPdu(format!("{e}")))?;
+		let target_user = <&UserId>::try_from(state_key)
+			.map_err(|e| InvalidPduSnafu { message: format!("{e}") }.build())?;

 		let user_for_join_auth = content
 			.join_authorised_via_users_server
@@ -461,7 +462,7 @@ pub async fn auth_check<E, F, Fut>(
 			?sender_membership_event_content,
 			"Sender membership event content missing membership field"
 		);
-		return Err(Error::InvalidPdu("Missing membership field".to_owned()));
+		return Err(InvalidPduSnafu { message: "Missing membership field" }.build());
 	};
 	let membership_state = membership_state.deserialize()?;

--- a/src/core/matrix/state_res/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/matrix/state_res/mod.rs
@@ -29,18 +29,18 @@
 };
 use serde_json::from_str as from_json_str;

-pub(crate) use self::error::Error;
+pub(crate) use self::error::{Error, InvalidPduSnafu, NotFoundSnafu};
 use self::power_levels::PowerLevelsContentFields;
 pub use self::{
 	event_auth::{auth_check, auth_types_for_event},
 	room_version::RoomVersion,
 };
+use super::{Event, StateKey};
 use crate::{
-	debug, debug_error, err,
-	matrix::{Event, StateKey},
+	debug, debug_error,
 	state_res::room_version::StateResolutionVersion,
 	trace,
-	utils::stream::{BroadbandExt, IterStream, ReadyExt, TryBroadbandExt, WidebandExt},
+	utils::stream::{BroadbandExt, IterStream, ReadyExt, TryBroadbandExt},
 	warn,
 };

@@ -118,7 +118,10 @@ pub async fn resolve<'a, Pdu, Sets, SetIter, Hasher, Fetch, FetchFut, Exists, Ex
 			let csg = calculate_conflicted_subgraph(&conflicting, event_fetch)
 				.await
 				.ok_or_else(|| {
-					Error::InvalidPdu("Failed to calculate conflicted subgraph".to_owned())
+					InvalidPduSnafu {
+						message: "Failed to calculate conflicted subgraph",
+					}
+					.build()
 				})?;
 			debug!(count = csg.len(), "conflicted subgraph");
 			trace!(set = ?csg, "conflicted subgraph");
@@ -149,10 +152,11 @@ pub async fn resolve<'a, Pdu, Sets, SetIter, Hasher, Fetch, FetchFut, Exists, Ex
 	let control_events: Vec<_> = all_conflicted
 		.iter()
 		.stream()
-		.wide_filter_map(async |id| {
-			is_power_event_id(id, &event_fetch)
+		.broad_filter_map(async |id| {
+			event_fetch(id.clone())
 				.await
-				.then_some(id.clone())
+				.filter(|event| is_power_event(&event))
+				.map(|_| id.clone())
 		})
 		.collect()
 		.await;
@@ -314,7 +318,10 @@ async fn calculate_conflicted_subgraph<F, Fut, E>(
 		trace!(event_id = event_id.as_str(), "fetching event for its auth events");
 		let evt = fetch_event(event_id.clone()).await;
 		if evt.is_none() {
-			err!("could not fetch event {} to calculate conflicted subgraph", event_id);
+			tracing::error!(
+				"could not fetch event {} to calculate conflicted subgraph",
+				event_id
+			);
 			path.pop();
 			continue;
 		}
@@ -402,11 +409,11 @@ async fn reverse_topological_power_sort<E, F, Fut>(
 	let fetcher = async |event_id: OwnedEventId| {
 		let pl = *event_to_pl
 			.get(&event_id)
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(String::new()))?;
+			.ok_or_else(|| NotFoundSnafu { message: "" }.build())?;

 		let ev = fetch_event(event_id)
 			.await
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(String::new()))?;
+			.ok_or_else(|| NotFoundSnafu { message: "" }.build())?;

 		Ok((pl, ev.origin_server_ts()))
 	};
@@ -612,9 +619,12 @@ async fn iterative_auth_check<'a, E, F, Fut, S>(
 	let events_to_check: Vec<_> = events_to_check
 		.map(Result::Ok)
 		.broad_and_then(async |event_id| {
-			fetch_event(event_id.to_owned())
-				.await
-				.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(format!("Failed to find {event_id}")))
+			fetch_event(event_id.to_owned()).await.ok_or_else(|| {
+				NotFoundSnafu {
+					message: format!("Failed to find {event_id}"),
+				}
+				.build()
+			})
 		})
 		.try_collect()
 		.boxed()
@@ -653,7 +663,7 @@ async fn iterative_auth_check<'a, E, F, Fut, S>(
 		trace!(event_id = event.event_id().as_str(), "checking event");
 		let state_key = event
 			.state_key()
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::InvalidPdu("State event had no state key".to_owned()))?;
+			.ok_or_else(|| InvalidPduSnafu { message: "State event had no state key" }.build())?;

 		let auth_types = auth_types_for_event(
 			event.event_type(),
@@ -669,13 +679,14 @@ async fn iterative_auth_check<'a, E, F, Fut, S>(
 			trace!("room version uses hashed IDs, manually fetching create event");
 			let create_event_id_raw = event.room_id_or_hash().as_str().replace('!', "$");
 			let create_event_id = EventId::parse(&create_event_id_raw).map_err(|e| {
-				Error::InvalidPdu(format!(
-					"Failed to parse create event ID from room ID/hash: {e}"
-				))
+				InvalidPduSnafu {
+					message: format!("Failed to parse create event ID from room ID/hash: {e}"),
+				}
+				.build()
+			})?;
+			let create_event = fetch_event(create_event_id.into()).await.ok_or_else(|| {
+				NotFoundSnafu { message: "Failed to find create event" }.build()
 			})?;
-			let create_event = fetch_event(create_event_id.into())
-				.await
-				.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound("Failed to find create event".into()))?;
 			auth_state.insert(create_event.event_type().with_state_key(""), create_event);
 		}
 		for aid in event.auth_events() {
@@ -686,7 +697,7 @@ async fn iterative_auth_check<'a, E, F, Fut, S>(
 				auth_state.insert(
 					ev.event_type()
 						.with_state_key(ev.state_key().ok_or_else(|| {
-							Error::InvalidPdu("State event had no state key".to_owned())
+							InvalidPduSnafu { message: "State event had no state key" }.build()
 						})?),
 					ev.clone(),
 				);
@@ -801,13 +812,13 @@ async fn mainline_sort<E, F, Fut>(

 		let event = fetch_event(p.clone())
 			.await
-			.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(format!("Failed to find {p}")))?;
+			.ok_or_else(|| NotFoundSnafu { message: format!("Failed to find {p}") }.build())?;

 		pl = None;
 		for aid in event.auth_events() {
-			let ev = fetch_event(aid.to_owned())
-				.await
-				.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(format!("Failed to find {aid}")))?;
+			let ev = fetch_event(aid.to_owned()).await.ok_or_else(|| {
+				NotFoundSnafu { message: format!("Failed to find {aid}") }.build()
+			})?;

 			if is_type_and_key(&ev, &TimelineEventType::RoomPowerLevels, "") {
 				pl = Some(aid.to_owned());
@@ -869,9 +880,9 @@ async fn get_mainline_depth<E, F, Fut>(

 		event = None;
 		for aid in sort_ev.auth_events() {
-			let aev = fetch_event(aid.to_owned())
-				.await
-				.ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(format!("Failed to find {aid}")))?;
+			let aev = fetch_event(aid.to_owned()).await.ok_or_else(|| {
+				NotFoundSnafu { message: format!("Failed to find {aid}") }.build()
+			})?;

 			if is_type_and_key(&aev, &TimelineEventType::RoomPowerLevels, "") {
 				event = Some(aev);
@@ -915,6 +926,7 @@ async fn add_event_and_auth_chain_to_graph<E, F, Fut>(
 	}
 }

+#[allow(dead_code)]
 async fn is_power_event_id<E, F, Fut>(event_id: &EventId, fetch: &F) -> bool
 where
 	F: Fn(OwnedEventId) -> Fut + Sync,
--- a/src/core/matrix/state_res/room_version.rs
+++ b/src/core/matrix/state_res/room_version.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use ruma::RoomVersionId;

-use super::{Error, Result};
+use super::{Result, error::UnsupportedSnafu};

 #[derive(Debug)]
 #[allow(clippy::exhaustive_enums)]
@@ -163,7 +163,11 @@ pub fn new(version: &RoomVersionId) -> Result<Self> {
 			| RoomVersionId::V10 => Self::V10,
 			| RoomVersionId::V11 => Self::V11,
 			| RoomVersionId::V12 => Self::V12,
-			| ver => return Err(Error::Unsupported(format!("found version `{ver}`"))),
+			| ver =>
+				return Err(UnsupportedSnafu {
+					version: format!("found version `{ver}`"),
+				}
+				.build()),
 		})
 	}
 }
--- a/src/core/matrix/state_res/test_utils.rs
+++ b/src/core/matrix/state_res/test_utils.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 	value::{RawValue as RawJsonValue, to_raw_value as to_raw_json_value},
 };

-use super::auth_types_for_event;
+use super::{auth_types_for_event, error::NotFoundSnafu};
 use crate::{
 	Result, RoomVersion, info,
 	matrix::{Event, EventTypeExt, Pdu, StateMap, pdu::EventHash},
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_event(&self, _: &RoomId, event_id: &EventId) -> Result<E> {
 		self.0
 			.get(event_id)
 			.cloned()
-			.ok_or_else(|| super::Error::NotFound(format!("{event_id} not found")))
+			.ok_or_else(|| NotFoundSnafu { message: format!("{event_id} not found") }.build())
 			.map_err(Into::into)
 	}

--- a/src/core/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/mod.rs
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@

 pub use ::arrayvec;
 pub use ::http;
+pub use ::paste;
 pub use ::ruma;
 pub use ::smallstr;
 pub use ::smallvec;
+pub use ::snafu;
 pub use ::toml;
 pub use ::tracing;
 pub use config::Config;
--- a/src/core/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/utils/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 pub mod math;
 pub mod mutex_map;
 pub mod rand;
-pub mod response;
 pub mod result;
 pub mod set;
 pub mod stream;
--- a/src/core/utils/response.rs
+++ b/src/core/utils/response.rs
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-use futures::StreamExt;
-use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-
-use crate::Err;
-
-/// Reads the response body while enforcing a maximum size limit to prevent
-/// memory exhaustion.
-pub async fn limit_read(response: reqwest::Response, max_size: u64) -> crate::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-	if response.content_length().is_some_and(|len| len > max_size) {
-		return Err!(BadServerResponse("Response too large"));
-	}
-	let mut data = Vec::new();
-	let mut reader = response.bytes_stream();
-
-	while let Some(chunk) = reader.next().await {
-		let chunk = chunk?;
-		data.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
-
-		if data.len() > max_size.to_usize().expect("max_size must fit in usize") {
-			return Err!(BadServerResponse("Response too large"));
-		}
-	}
-
-	Ok(data)
-}
-
-/// Reads the response body as text while enforcing a maximum size limit to
-/// prevent memory exhaustion.
-pub async fn limit_read_text(
-	response: reqwest::Response,
-	max_size: u64,
-) -> crate::Result<String> {
-	let text = String::from_utf8(limit_read(response, max_size).await?)?;
-	Ok(text)
-}
-
-#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-pub trait LimitReadExt {
-	async fn limit_read(self, max_size: u64) -> crate::Result<Vec<u8>>;
-	async fn limit_read_text(self, max_size: u64) -> crate::Result<String>;
-}
-
-impl LimitReadExt for reqwest::Response {
-	async fn limit_read(self, max_size: u64) -> crate::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-		limit_read(self, max_size).await
-	}
-
-	async fn limit_read_text(self, max_size: u64) -> crate::Result<String> {
-		limit_read_text(self, max_size).await
-	}
-}
--- a/src/core/utils/stream/iter_stream.rs
+++ b/src/core/utils/stream/iter_stream.rs
@@ -3,17 +3,19 @@
 	stream::{Stream, TryStream},
 };

+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
 pub trait IterStream<I: IntoIterator + Send> {
 	/// Convert an Iterator into a Stream
 	fn stream(self) -> impl Stream<Item = <I as IntoIterator>::Item> + Send;

-	/// Convert an Iterator into a TryStream with a generic error type
-	fn try_stream<E>(
+	/// Convert an Iterator into a TryStream
+	fn try_stream(
 		self,
 	) -> impl TryStream<
 		Ok = <I as IntoIterator>::Item,
-		Error = E,
-		Item = Result<<I as IntoIterator>::Item, E>,
+		Error = Error,
+		Item = Result<<I as IntoIterator>::Item, Error>,
 	> + Send;
 }

@@ -26,12 +28,12 @@ impl<I> IterStream<I> for I
 	fn stream(self) -> impl Stream<Item = <I as IntoIterator>::Item> + Send { stream::iter(self) }

 	#[inline]
-	fn try_stream<E>(
+	fn try_stream(
 		self,
 	) -> impl TryStream<
 		Ok = <I as IntoIterator>::Item,
-		Error = E,
-		Item = Result<<I as IntoIterator>::Item, E>,
+		Error = Error,
+		Item = Result<<I as IntoIterator>::Item, Error>,
 	> + Send {
 		self.stream().map(Ok)
 	}
--- a/src/core/utils/stream/try_broadband.rs
+++ b/src/core/utils/stream/try_broadband.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 //! Synchronous combinator extensions to futures::TryStream

-use std::result::Result;
-
 use futures::{TryFuture, TryStream, TryStreamExt};

 use super::automatic_width;
+use crate::Result;

 /// Concurrency extensions to augment futures::TryStreamExt. broad_ combinators
 /// produce out-of-order
--- a/src/core/utils/sys/compute.rs
+++ b/src/core/utils/sys/compute.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 use std::{cell::Cell, fmt::Debug, path::PathBuf, sync::LazyLock};

+use snafu::IntoError;
+
 use crate::{Result, is_equal_to};

 type Id = usize;
@@ -142,7 +144,9 @@ pub fn getcpu() -> Result<usize> {

 #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
 #[inline]
-pub fn getcpu() -> Result<usize> { Err(crate::Error::Io(std::io::ErrorKind::Unsupported.into())) }
+pub fn getcpu() -> Result<usize> {
+	Err(crate::error::IoSnafu.into_error(std::io::ErrorKind::Unsupported.into()))
+}

 fn query_cores_available() -> impl Iterator<Item = Id> {
 	core_affinity::get_core_ids()
--- a/src/database/de.rs
+++ b/src/database/de.rs
@@ -255,7 +255,10 @@ fn deserialize_newtype_struct<V>(self, name: &'static str, visitor: V) -> Result
 			| "$serde_json::private::RawValue" => visitor.visit_map(self),
 			| "Cbor" => visitor
 				.visit_newtype_struct(&mut minicbor_serde::Deserializer::new(self.record_trail()))
-				.map_err(|e| Self::Error::SerdeDe(e.to_string().into())),
+				.map_err(|e| {
+					let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = e.to_string().into();
+					conduwuit_core::error::SerdeDeSnafu { message }.build()
+				}),

 			| _ => visitor.visit_newtype_struct(self),
 		}
@@ -313,9 +316,10 @@ fn deserialize_i64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value> {

 		let end = self.pos.saturating_add(BYTES).min(self.buf.len());
 		let bytes: ArrayVec<u8, BYTES> = self.buf[self.pos..end].try_into()?;
-		let bytes = bytes
-			.into_inner()
-			.map_err(|_| Self::Error::SerdeDe("i64 buffer underflow".into()))?;
+		let bytes = bytes.into_inner().map_err(|_| {
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = "i64 buffer underflow".into();
+			conduwuit_core::error::SerdeDeSnafu { message }.build()
+		})?;

 		self.inc_pos(BYTES);
 		visitor.visit_i64(i64::from_be_bytes(bytes))
@@ -345,9 +349,10 @@ fn deserialize_u64<V: Visitor<'de>>(self, visitor: V) -> Result<V::Value> {

 		let end = self.pos.saturating_add(BYTES).min(self.buf.len());
 		let bytes: ArrayVec<u8, BYTES> = self.buf[self.pos..end].try_into()?;
-		let bytes = bytes
-			.into_inner()
-			.map_err(|_| Self::Error::SerdeDe("u64 buffer underflow".into()))?;
+		let bytes = bytes.into_inner().map_err(|_| {
+			let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = "u64 buffer underflow".into();
+			conduwuit_core::error::SerdeDeSnafu { message }.build()
+		})?;

 		self.inc_pos(BYTES);
 		visitor.visit_u64(u64::from_be_bytes(bytes))
--- a/src/database/maps.rs
+++ b/src/database/maps.rs
@@ -362,10 +362,6 @@ pub(super) fn open_list(db: &Arc<Engine>, maps: &[Descriptor]) -> Result<Maps> {
 		name: "userid_blurhash",
 		..descriptor::RANDOM_SMALL
 	},
-	Descriptor {
-		name: "userid_dehydrateddevice",
-		..descriptor::RANDOM_SMALL
-	},
 	Descriptor {
 		name: "userid_devicelistversion",
 		..descriptor::RANDOM_SMALL
--- a/src/database/ser.rs
+++ b/src/database/ser.rs
@@ -199,7 +199,10 @@ fn serialize_newtype_struct<T>(self, name: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<Se

 				value
 					.serialize(&mut Serializer::new(&mut Writer::new(&mut self.out)))
-					.map_err(|e| Self::Error::SerdeSer(e.to_string().into()))
+					.map_err(|e| {
+						let message: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str> = e.to_string().into();
+						conduwuit_core::error::SerdeSerSnafu { message }.build()
+					})
 			},
 			| _ => unhandled!("Unrecognized serialization Newtype {name:?}"),
 		}
--- a/src/router/router.rs
+++ b/src/router/router.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, sync::Arc};

 use axum::{Router, response::IntoResponse};
 use conduwuit::Error;
@@ -18,5 +18,10 @@ pub(crate) fn build(services: &Arc<Services>) -> (Router, Guard) {
 }

 async fn not_found(_uri: Uri) -> impl IntoResponse {
-	Error::Request(ErrorKind::Unrecognized, "Not Found".into(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)
+	Error::Request {
+		kind: ErrorKind::Unrecognized,
+		message: Cow::Borrowed("Not Found"),
+		code: StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
+		backtrace: None,
+	}
 }
--- a/src/service/admin/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/admin/mod.rs
@@ -530,12 +530,7 @@ async fn handle_response_error(
 		Ok(())
 	}

-	pub async fn is_admin_command<E>(
-		&self,
-		event: &E,
-		body: &str,
-		sent_locally: bool,
-	) -> Option<InvocationSource>
+	pub async fn is_admin_command<E>(&self, event: &E, body: &str) -> Option<InvocationSource>
 	where
 		E: Event + Send + Sync,
 	{
@@ -585,15 +580,6 @@ pub async fn is_admin_command<E>(
 				return None;
 			}

-			// Escaped commands must be sent locally (via client API), not via federation
-			if !sent_locally {
-				conduwuit::warn!(
-					"Ignoring escaped admin command from {} that arrived via federation",
-					event.sender()
-				);
-				return None;
-			}
-
 			// Looks good
 			Some(InvocationSource::EscapedCommand)
 		}
--- a/src/service/announcements/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/announcements/mod.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};

 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use conduwuit::{Result, Server, debug, error, utils::response::LimitReadExt, warn};
+use conduwuit::{Result, Server, debug, error, warn};
 use database::{Deserialized, Map};
 use ruma::events::{Mentions, room::message::RoomMessageEventContent};
 use serde::Deserialize;
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ async fn check(&self) -> Result<()> {
 			.get(CHECK_FOR_ANNOUNCEMENTS_URL)
 			.send()
 			.await?
-			.limit_read_text(1024 * 1024)
+			.text()
 			.await?;

 		let response = serde_json::from_str::<CheckForAnnouncementsResponse>(&response)?;
--- a/src/service/appservice/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/appservice/mod.rs
@@ -147,11 +147,11 @@ pub async fn register_appservice(
 		// same appservice)
 		if let Ok(existing) = self.find_from_token(&registration.as_token).await {
 			if existing.registration.id != registration.id {
-				return Err(err!(Request(InvalidParam(
+				return Err!(Request(InvalidParam(
 					"Cannot register appservice: Token is already used by appservice '{}'. \
 					 Please generate a different token.",
 					existing.registration.id
-				))));
+				)));
 			}
 		}

@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ pub async fn register_appservice(
 			.await
 			.is_ok()
 		{
-			return Err(err!(Request(InvalidParam(
+			return Err!(Request(InvalidParam(
 				"Cannot register appservice: The provided token is already in use by a user \
 				 device. Please generate a different token for the appservice."
-			))));
+			)));
 		}

 		self.db
--- a/src/service/client/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/client/mod.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn build(args: crate::Args<'_>) -> Result<Arc<Self>> {
 		let url_preview_user_agent = config
 			.url_preview_user_agent
 			.clone()
-			.unwrap_or_else(|| conduwuit::version::user_agent_media().to_owned());
+			.unwrap_or_else(|| conduwuit::version::user_agent().to_owned());

 		Ok(Arc::new(Self {
 			default: base(config)?
--- a/src/service/federation/execute.rs
+++ b/src/service/federation/execute.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@

 use bytes::Bytes;
 use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Error, Result, debug, debug::INFO_SPAN_LEVEL, debug_error, debug_warn, err, implement,
-	trace, utils::response::LimitReadExt,
+	Err, Result, debug, debug::INFO_SPAN_LEVEL, debug_error, debug_warn, err,
+	error::inspect_debug_log, implement, trace,
 };
 use http::{HeaderValue, header::AUTHORIZATION};
 use ipaddress::IPAddress;
@@ -133,22 +133,7 @@ async fn handle_response<T>(
 where
 	T: OutgoingRequest + Send,
 {
-	const HUGE_ENDPOINTS: [&str; 2] =
-		["/_matrix/federation/v2/send_join/", "/_matrix/federation/v2/state/"];
-	let size_limit: u64 = if HUGE_ENDPOINTS.iter().any(|e| url.path().starts_with(e)) {
-		// Some federation endpoints can return huge response bodies, so we'll bump the
-		// limit for those endpoints specifically.
-		self.services
-			.server
-			.config
-			.max_request_size
-			.saturating_mul(10)
-	} else {
-		self.services.server.config.max_request_size
-	}
-	.try_into()
-	.expect("size_limit (usize) should fit within a u64");
-	let response = into_http_response(dest, actual, method, url, response, size_limit).await?;
+	let response = into_http_response(dest, actual, method, url, response).await?;

 	T::IncomingResponse::try_from_http_response(response)
 		.map_err(|e| err!(BadServerResponse("Server returned bad 200 response: {e:?}")))
@@ -160,7 +145,6 @@ async fn into_http_response(
 	method: &Method,
 	url: &Url,
 	mut response: Response,
-	max_size: u64,
 ) -> Result<http::Response<Bytes>> {
 	let status = response.status();
 	trace!(
@@ -183,22 +167,19 @@ async fn into_http_response(
 	);

 	trace!("Waiting for response body...");
+	let body = response
+		.bytes()
+		.await
+		.inspect_err(inspect_debug_log)
+		.unwrap_or_else(|_| Vec::new().into());
+
 	let http_response = http_response_builder
-		.body(
-			response
-				.limit_read(max_size)
-				.await
-				.unwrap_or_default()
-				.into(),
-		)
+		.body(body)
 		.expect("reqwest body is valid http body");

 	debug!("Got {status:?} for {method} {url}");
 	if !status.is_success() {
-		return Err(Error::Federation(
-			dest.to_owned(),
-			RumaError::from_http_response(http_response),
-		));
+		return Err!(Federation(dest.to_owned(), RumaError::from_http_response(http_response),));
 	}

 	Ok(http_response)
--- a/src/service/media/data.rs
+++ b/src/service/media/data.rs
@@ -170,8 +170,6 @@ pub(super) fn remove_url_preview(&self, url: &str) -> Result<()> {
 		Ok(())
 	}

-	pub(super) async fn clear_url_previews(&self) { self.url_previews.clear().await; }
-
 	pub(super) fn set_url_preview(
 		&self,
 		url: &str,
--- a/src/service/media/preview.rs
+++ b/src/service/media/preview.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@

 use std::time::SystemTime;

-use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug, err, utils::response::LimitReadExt};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug, err};
 use conduwuit_core::implement;
 use ipaddress::IPAddress;
 use serde::Serialize;
@@ -37,9 +37,6 @@ pub async fn remove_url_preview(&self, url: &str) -> Result<()> {
 	self.db.remove_url_preview(url)
 }

-#[implement(Service)]
-pub async fn clear_url_previews(&self) { self.db.clear_url_previews().await; }
-
 #[implement(Service)]
 pub async fn set_url_preview(&self, url: &str, data: &UrlPreviewData) -> Result<()> {
 	let now = SystemTime::now()
@@ -112,22 +109,8 @@ pub async fn download_image(&self, url: &str) -> Result<UrlPreviewData> {
 	use image::ImageReader;
 	use ruma::Mxc;

-	let image = self
-		.services
-		.client
-		.url_preview
-		.get(url)
-		.send()
-		.await?
-		.limit_read(
-			self.services
-				.server
-				.config
-				.max_request_size
-				.try_into()
-				.expect("u64 should fit in usize"),
-		)
-		.await?;
+	let image = self.services.client.url_preview.get(url).send().await?;
+	let image = image.bytes().await?;
 	let mxc = Mxc {
 		server_name: self.services.globals.server_name(),
 		media_id: &random_string(super::MXC_LENGTH),
@@ -165,20 +148,24 @@ async fn download_html(&self, url: &str) -> Result<UrlPreviewData> {
 	use webpage::HTML;

 	let client = &self.services.client.url_preview;
-	let body = client
-		.get(url)
-		.send()
-		.await?
-		.limit_read_text(
-			self.services
-				.server
-				.config
-				.max_request_size
-				.try_into()
-				.expect("u64 should fit in usize"),
-		)
-		.await?;
-	let Ok(html) = HTML::from_string(body.clone(), Some(url.to_owned())) else {
+	let mut response = client.get(url).send().await?;
+
+	let mut bytes: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+	while let Some(chunk) = response.chunk().await? {
+		bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+		if bytes.len() > self.services.globals.url_preview_max_spider_size() {
+			debug!(
+				"Response body from URL {} exceeds url_preview_max_spider_size ({}), not \
+				 processing the rest of the response body and assuming our necessary data is in \
+				 this range.",
+				url,
+				self.services.globals.url_preview_max_spider_size()
+			);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	let body = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes);
+	let Ok(html) = HTML::from_string(body.to_string(), Some(url.to_owned())) else {
 		return Err!(Request(Unknown("Failed to parse HTML")));
 	};

--- a/src/service/media/remote.rs
+++ b/src/service/media/remote.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@

 use conduwuit::{
 	Err, Error, Result, debug_warn, err, implement,
-	utils::{content_disposition::make_content_disposition, response::LimitReadExt},
+	utils::content_disposition::make_content_disposition,
 };
 use http::header::{CONTENT_DISPOSITION, CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue};
 use ruma::{
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub async fn fetch_remote_thumbnail(
 		.fetch_thumbnail_authenticated(mxc, user, server, timeout_ms, dim)
 		.await;

-	if let Err(Error::Request(NotFound, ..)) = &result {
+	if let Err(Error::Request { kind: NotFound, .. }) = &result {
 		return self
 			.fetch_thumbnail_unauthenticated(mxc, user, server, timeout_ms, dim)
 			.await;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub async fn fetch_remote_content(
 			);
 		});

-	if let Err(Error::Request(Unrecognized, ..)) = &result {
+	if let Err(Error::Request { kind: Unrecognized, .. }) = &result {
 		return self
 			.fetch_content_unauthenticated(mxc, user, server, timeout_ms)
 			.await;
@@ -286,15 +286,10 @@ async fn location_request(&self, location: &str) -> Result<FileMeta> {
 		.and_then(Result::ok);

 	response
-		.limit_read(
-			self.services
-				.server
-				.config
-				.max_request_size
-				.try_into()
-				.expect("u64 should fit in usize"),
-		)
+		.bytes()
 		.await
+		.map(Vec::from)
+		.map_err(Into::into)
 		.map(|content| FileMeta {
 			content: Some(content),
 			content_type: content_type.clone(),
--- a/src/service/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/mod.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 pub mod sending;
 pub mod server_keys;
 pub mod sync;
-pub mod transactions;
+pub mod transaction_ids;
 pub mod uiaa;
 pub mod users;

--- a/src/service/pusher/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/pusher/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::{fmt::Debug, mem, sync::Arc};

 use bytes::BytesMut;
-use conduwuit::utils::response::LimitReadExt;
 use conduwuit_core::{
 	Err, Event, Result, debug_warn, err, trace,
 	utils::{stream::TryIgnore, string_from_bytes},
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@
 	uint,
 };

-use crate::{Dep, client, config, globals, rooms, sending, users};
+use crate::{Dep, client, globals, rooms, sending, users};

 pub struct Service {
 	db: Data,
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ pub struct Service {

 struct Services {
 	globals: Dep<globals::Service>,
-	config: Dep<config::Service>,
 	client: Dep<client::Service>,
 	state_accessor: Dep<rooms::state_accessor::Service>,
 	state_cache: Dep<rooms::state_cache::Service>,
@@ -63,7 +61,6 @@ fn build(args: crate::Args<'_>) -> Result<Arc<Self>> {
 			services: Services {
 				globals: args.depend::<globals::Service>("globals"),
 				client: args.depend::<client::Service>("client"),
-				config: args.depend::<config::Service>("config"),
 				state_accessor: args
 					.depend::<rooms::state_accessor::Service>("rooms::state_accessor"),
 				state_cache: args.depend::<rooms::state_cache::Service>("rooms::state_cache"),
@@ -248,15 +245,7 @@ pub async fn send_request<T>(&self, dest: &str, request: T) -> Result<T::Incomin
 						.expect("http::response::Builder is usable"),
 				);

-				let body = response
-					.limit_read(
-						self.services
-							.config
-							.max_request_size
-							.try_into()
-							.expect("usize fits into u64"),
-					)
-					.await?;
+				let body = response.bytes().await?;

 				if !status.is_success() {
 					debug_warn!("Push gateway response body: {:?}", string_from_bytes(&body));
--- a/src/service/resolver/well_known.rs
+++ b/src/service/resolver/well_known.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use conduwuit::{
-	Result, debug, debug_error, debug_info, implement, trace, utils::response::LimitReadExt,
-};
+use conduwuit::{Result, debug, debug_error, debug_info, debug_warn, implement, trace};

 #[implement(super::Service)]
 #[tracing::instrument(name = "well-known", level = "debug", skip(self, dest))]
@@ -26,8 +24,12 @@ pub(super) async fn request_well_known(&self, dest: &str) -> Result<Option<Strin
 		return Ok(None);
 	}

-	let text = response.limit_read_text(8192).await?;
+	let text = response.text().await?;
 	trace!("response text: {text:?}");
+	if text.len() >= 12288 {
+		debug_warn!("response contains junk");
+		return Ok(None);
+	}

 	let body: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&text).unwrap_or_default();

--- a/src/service/rooms/auth_chain/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/auth_chain/mod.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ async fn get_auth_chain_outer(

 	let chunk_cache: Vec<_> = chunk
 		.into_iter()
-		.try_stream::<conduwuit::Error>()
+		.try_stream()
 		.broad_and_then(|(shortid, event_id)| async move {
 			if let Ok(cached) = self.get_cached_eventid_authchain(&[shortid]).await {
 				return Ok(cached.to_vec());
--- a/src/service/rooms/event_handler/fetch_state.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/event_handler/fetch_state.rs
@@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ pub(super) async fn fetch_state<Pdu>(
 			},
 			| hash_map::Entry::Occupied(_) => {
 				return Err!(Database(
-					"State event's type and state_key combination exists multiple times: {}, {}",
-					pdu.kind(),
-					state_key
+					"State event's type and state_key combination exists multiple times.",
 				));
 			},
 		}
--- a/src/service/rooms/event_handler/handle_outlier_pdu.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/event_handler/handle_outlier_pdu.rs
@@ -162,9 +162,7 @@ pub(super) async fn handle_outlier_pdu<'a, Pdu>(
 			},
 			| hash_map::Entry::Occupied(_) => {
 				return Err!(Request(InvalidParam(
-					"Auth event's type and state_key combination exists multiple times: {}, {}",
-					auth_event.kind,
-					auth_event.state_key().unwrap_or("")
+					"Auth event's type and state_key combination exists multiple times.",
 				)));
 			},
 		}
--- a/src/service/rooms/event_handler/resolve_state.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/event_handler/resolve_state.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,14 @@ pub async fn state_resolution<'a, StateSets>(
 {
 	let event_fetch = |event_id| self.event_fetch(event_id);
 	let event_exists = |event_id| self.event_exists(event_id);
-	state_res::resolve(room_version, state_sets, auth_chain_sets, &event_fetch, &event_exists)
-		.map_err(|e| err!(error!("State resolution failed: {e:?}")))
-		.await
+	Ok(
+		state_res::resolve(
+			room_version,
+			state_sets,
+			auth_chain_sets,
+			&event_fetch,
+			&event_exists,
+		)
+		.await?,
+	)
 }
--- a/src/service/rooms/spaces/pagination_token.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/spaces/pagination_token.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 	str::FromStr,
 };

-use conduwuit::{Error, Result};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Error, Result};
 use ruma::{UInt, api::client::error::ErrorKind};

 use crate::rooms::short::ShortRoomId;
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn from_str(value: &str) -> Result<Self> {
 		if let Some(token) = pag_tok() {
 			Ok(token)
 		} else {
-			Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "invalid token"))
+			Err!(BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "invalid token"))
 		}
 	}
 }
--- a/src/service/rooms/timeline/append.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/timeline/append.rs
@@ -72,26 +72,6 @@ pub async fn append_incoming_pdu<'a, Leaves>(
 		.append_pdu(pdu, pdu_json, new_room_leaves, state_lock, room_id)
 		.await?;

-	// Process admin commands for federation events
-	if *pdu.kind() == TimelineEventType::RoomMessage {
-		let content: ExtractBody = pdu.get_content()?;
-		if let Some(body) = content.body {
-			if let Some(source) = self
-				.services
-				.admin
-				.is_admin_command(pdu, &body, false)
-				.await
-			{
-				self.services.admin.command_with_sender(
-					body,
-					Some(pdu.event_id().into()),
-					source,
-					pdu.sender.clone().into(),
-				)?;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	Ok(Some(pdu_id))
 }

@@ -354,6 +334,15 @@ pub async fn append_pdu<'a, Leaves>(
 			let content: ExtractBody = pdu.get_content()?;
 			if let Some(body) = content.body {
 				self.services.search.index_pdu(shortroomid, &pdu_id, &body);
+
+				if let Some(source) = self.services.admin.is_admin_command(pdu, &body).await {
+					self.services.admin.command_with_sender(
+						body,
+						Some((pdu.event_id()).into()),
+						source,
+						pdu.sender.clone().into(),
+					)?;
+				}
 			}
 		},
 		| _ => {},
--- a/src/service/rooms/timeline/build.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/timeline/build.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 	},
 };

-use super::{ExtractBody, RoomMutexGuard};
+use super::RoomMutexGuard;

 /// Creates a new persisted data unit and adds it to a room. This function
 /// takes a roomid_mutex_state, meaning that only this function is able to
@@ -126,26 +126,6 @@ pub async fn build_and_append_pdu(
 		.boxed()
 		.await?;

-	// Process admin commands for locally sent events
-	if *pdu.kind() == TimelineEventType::RoomMessage {
-		let content: ExtractBody = pdu.get_content()?;
-		if let Some(body) = content.body {
-			if let Some(source) = self
-				.services
-				.admin
-				.is_admin_command(&pdu, &body, true)
-				.await
-			{
-				self.services.admin.command_with_sender(
-					body,
-					Some(pdu.event_id().into()),
-					source,
-					pdu.sender.clone().into(),
-				)?;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	// We set the room state after inserting the pdu, so that we never have a moment
 	// in time where events in the current room state do not exist
 	trace!("Setting room state for room {room_id}");
@@ -187,8 +167,6 @@ pub async fn build_and_append_pdu(
 	Ok(pdu.event_id().to_owned())
 }

-/// Assert invariants about the admin room, to prevent (for example) all admins
-/// from leaving or being banned from the room
 #[implement(super::Service)]
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, level = "debug")]
 async fn check_pdu_for_admin_room<Pdu>(&self, pdu: &Pdu, sender: &UserId) -> Result
--- a/src/service/rooms/timeline/create.rs
+++ b/src/service/rooms/timeline/create.rs
@@ -75,10 +75,7 @@ fn from_evt(
 			let content: RoomCreateEventContent = serde_json::from_str(content.get())?;
 			Ok(content.room_version)
 		} else {
-			Err(Error::InconsistentRoomState(
-				"non-create event for room of unknown version",
-				room_id,
-			))
+			Err!(InconsistentRoomState("non-create event for room of unknown version", room_id))
 		}
 	}
 	let PduBuilder {
@@ -275,7 +272,9 @@ fn from_evt(
 		.hash_and_sign_event(&mut pdu_json, &room_version_id)
 	{
 		return match e {
-			| Error::Signatures(ruma::signatures::Error::PduSize) => {
+			| Error::Signatures { source, .. }
+				if matches!(source, ruma::signatures::Error::PduSize) =>
+			{
 				Err!(Request(TooLarge("Message/PDU is too long (exceeds 65535 bytes)")))
 			},
 			| _ => Err!(Request(Unknown(warn!("Signing event failed: {e}")))),
--- a/src/service/sending/antispam.rs
+++ b/src/service/sending/antispam.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{fmt::Debug, mem};

 use bytes::BytesMut;
-use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug_error, err, utils, utils::response::LimitReadExt, warn};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug_error, err, utils, warn};
 use reqwest::Client;
 use ruma::api::{IncomingResponse, MatrixVersion, OutgoingRequest, SendAccessToken};

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_antispam_request<T>(
 			.expect("http::response::Builder is usable"),
 	);

-	let body = response.limit_read(65535).await?; // TODO: handle timeout
+	let body = response.bytes().await?; // TODO: handle timeout

 	if !status.is_success() {
 		debug_error!("Antispam response bytes: {:?}", utils::string_from_bytes(&body));
--- a/src/service/sending/appservice.rs
+++ b/src/service/sending/appservice.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 use std::{fmt::Debug, mem};

 use bytes::BytesMut;
-use conduwuit::{
-	Err, Result, debug_error, err, implement, trace, utils, utils::response::LimitReadExt, warn,
-};
+use conduwuit::{Err, Result, debug_error, err, implement, trace, utils, warn};
 use ruma::api::{
 	IncomingResponse, MatrixVersion, OutgoingRequest, SendAccessToken, appservice::Registration,
 };
@@ -79,15 +77,7 @@ pub async fn send_appservice_request<T>(
 			.expect("http::response::Builder is usable"),
 	);

-	let body = response
-		.limit_read(
-			self.server
-				.config
-				.max_request_size
-				.try_into()
-				.expect("usize fits into u64"),
-		)
-		.await?;
+	let body = response.bytes().await?;

 	if !status.is_success() {
 		debug_error!("Appservice response bytes: {:?}", utils::string_from_bytes(&body));
--- a/src/service/sending/sender.rs
+++ b/src/service/sending/sender.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@

 use base64::{Engine as _, engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD};
 use conduwuit_core::{
-	Error, Event, Result, at, debug, err, error,
+	Error, Event, Result, debug, err, error,
 	result::LogErr,
 	trace,
 	utils::{
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ async fn handle_response_ok<'a>(
 		if !new_events.is_empty() {
 			self.db.mark_as_active(new_events.iter());

-			let new_events_vec = new_events.into_iter().map(at!(1)).collect();
+			let new_events_vec = new_events.into_iter().map(|(_, event)| event).collect();
 			futures.push(self.send_events(dest.clone(), new_events_vec));
 		} else {
 			statuses.remove(dest);
--- a/src/service/services.rs
+++ b/src/service/services.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 	media, moderation, presence, pusher, registration_tokens, resolver, rooms, sending,
 	server_keys,
 	service::{self, Args, Map, Service},
-	sync, transactions, uiaa, users,
+	sync, transaction_ids, uiaa, users,
 };

 pub struct Services {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub struct Services {
 	pub sending: Arc<sending::Service>,
 	pub server_keys: Arc<server_keys::Service>,
 	pub sync: Arc<sync::Service>,
-	pub transactions: Arc<transactions::Service>,
+	pub transaction_ids: Arc<transaction_ids::Service>,
 	pub uiaa: Arc<uiaa::Service>,
 	pub users: Arc<users::Service>,
 	pub moderation: Arc<moderation::Service>,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ macro_rules! build {
 			sending: build!(sending::Service),
 			server_keys: build!(server_keys::Service),
 			sync: build!(sync::Service),
-			transactions: build!(transactions::Service),
+			transaction_ids: build!(transaction_ids::Service),
 			uiaa: build!(uiaa::Service),
 			users: build!(users::Service),
 			moderation: build!(moderation::Service),
--- a/src/service/transaction_ids/mod.rs
+++ b/src/service/transaction_ids/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use conduwuit::{Result, implement};
+use database::{Handle, Map};
+use ruma::{DeviceId, TransactionId, UserId};
+
+pub struct Service {
+	db: Data,
+}
+
+struct Data {
+	userdevicetxnid_response: Arc<Map>,
+}
+
+impl crate::Service for Service {
+	fn build(args: crate::Args<'_>) -> Result<Arc<Self>> {
+		Ok(Arc::new(Self {
+			db: Data {
+				userdevicetxnid_response: args.db["userdevicetxnid_response"].clone(),
+			},
+		}))
+	}
+
+	fn name(&self) -> &str { crate::service::make_name(std::module_path!()) }
+}
+
+#[implement(Service)]
+pub fn add_txnid(
+	&self,
+	user_id: &UserId,
+	device_id: Option<&DeviceId>,
+	txn_id: &TransactionId,
+	data: &[u8],
+) {
+	let mut key = user_id.as_bytes().to_vec();
+	key.push(0xFF);
+	key.extend_from_slice(device_id.map(DeviceId::as_bytes).unwrap_or_default());
+	key.push(0xFF);
+	key.extend_from_slice(txn_id.as_bytes());
+
+	self.db.userdevicetxnid_response.insert(&key, data);
+}
+
+// If there's no entry, this is a new transaction
+#[implement(Service)]
+pub async fn existing_txnid(
+	&self,
+	user_id: &UserId,
+	device_id: Option<&DeviceId>,
+	txn_id: &TransactionId,
+) -> Result<Handle<'_>> {
+	let key = (user_id, device_id, txn_id);
+	self.db.userdevicetxnid_response.qry(&key).await
+}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Removed non-compliant nor functional room alias lookups over federation. Contributed by @nex`
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Outgoing presence is now disabled by default, and the config option documentation has been adjusted to more accurately represent the weight of presence, typing indicators, and read receipts. Contributed by @nex.`
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Removed ability to set rocksdb as read only. Doing so would cause unintentional and buggy behaviour. Contributed by @Terryiscool160.`
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				Fixed a startup crash in the sender service if we can't detect the number of CPU cores, even if the `sender_workers' config option is set correctly. Contributed by @katie.
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				Updated `list-backups` admin command to output one backup per line.